Glossary

Terms and definitions used across the SIGN-AIR, Travel Wise, MultiModX and FP1 Motional project

Acceptable Connection Time: Abbreviation: ATC
Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: General Transport, Planning

Acceptable Connection Time (ACT): In the context of multimodal travel, such as transferring from a high-speed train to a flight, the Acceptable Connection Time (ACT) is the calculated duration that optimally balances the need for sufficient transfer time to ensure the passenger does not miss their flight, while minimising excessive waiting time at the airport. This duration is determined based on a combination of factors, including Minimum Transfer Time and Buffer Time.

Access: Source: Regulation (EU) 2022/868 (Data Governance Act)
Keywords: General Transport

Access means data use, in accordance with specific technical, legal or organisational requirements, without necessarily implying the transmission or downloading of data.

Access conditions: Source: Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 (Bus & Coach Passenger Rights) & Regulation (EU) No 1177/2010 (Waterborne Passenger Rights)
Keywords: General Transport

Access conditions means relevant standards, guidelines and information on the accessibility of [vehicles, e.g. buses, ships] and/or [terminals, e.g. designated bus terminals, port terminals] including their facilities for disabled persons or persons with reduced mobility.

Access node: Source: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)
Keywords: General Transport

Access node means a pre-defined location where passengers may board or leave scheduled transport or transport on demand.

Access point: Source: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)
Keywords: Architecture

Access point means a digital interface where data listed in the Annex [of the MMTIS Delegated Regulation] together with the corresponding metadata are made accessible for reuse to data users, or where the sources and metadata of those data are made accessible for reuse to data users.

Accessibility of data: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2010/40/EU (ITS Directive); Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)
Keywords: Law & Regulation, Data

Accessibility of data means that it is possible to request and to obtain data [MMTIS: at any time] in a digital machine-readable format.

Accident: Source: https://eur-lex.europa.eu
Keywords: General Transport, Disruption

Unwanted or unintended sudden event or a specific chain of such events which have harmful consequences; accidents are divided into the following categories: collisions; derailments; level crossing accidents; accidents to persons involving rolling stock in motion; fires and others

Action: Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: Law & Regulation, Architecture, Data

A contractual obligation that must be respected by a Party in the event in which a Trigger is released. Actions are specified in a smart contract. “Action” in the context of a smart contract refers to the required response or task that must be performed when a predetermined condition, known as a “Trigger,” is met. This is a fundamental aspect of how smart contracts function within blockchain technology, automating contract enforcement without human intervention.

Active mode: Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/1679 (TEN-T Regulation)
Keywords: General Transport, Transport type

Active mode means the transport of people or goods, through non-motorised means, based on human physical activity, including vehicles with electric auxiliary propulsion as referred to in Article 2(2), point (h), of Regulation (EU) No 168/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council [i.e., pedal cycles with pedal assistance which are equipped with an auxiliary electric motor having a maximum continuous rated power of less than or equal to 250 W, where the output of the motor is cut off when the cyclist stops pedalling and is otherwise progressively reduced and finally cut off before the vehicle speed reaches 25 km/h].

Advanced Air Mobility: Abbreviation: AAM
Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: Air transport, Type of service

Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) refers to an integrated air transportation system that leverages new aircraft technologies, automation, and digital infrastructure to enable safe, sustainable, and efficient air travel for passengers and cargo in urban, suburban, and regional environments. AAM includes on-demand and scheduled services using electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, drones, and other emerging aerial vehicles for various applications such as urban air taxis, cargo logistics, medical transport, and emergency response. Key Characteristics of AAM:
• Electric and Hybrid Propulsion: Focus on sustainable aviation using battery-electric, hybrid, or hydrogen-powered aircraft.
• Urban and Regional Connectivity: Supports urban air mobility (UAM) within cities and regional air mobility (RAM) between smaller airports.
• Autonomous and AI-Driven Operations: Uses automation, AI, and air traffic management (ATM) integration for optimized routing.
• Regulatory and Infrastructure Development: Requires new airspace management policies, vertiports, and digital air traffic solutions.

Aerodrome: Abbreviation: A/D
Source: ICAO, Annex 14
Keywords: Air transport, Infrastructure

A defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft

Air carrier: Source: Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 (Air Passenger Rights) & Regulation (EC) No 1107/2006 (PRM-APR); Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008 (Air Services Regulation)
Keywords: Air transport, Stakeholders

Air carrier means an air transport undertaking with a valid operating licence [Air Passenger Rights, PRM-APR]/ with a valid operating licence or equivalent [Air Services Regulation].

Air fares: Source: Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008 (Air Services Regulation)
Keywords: Air transport

Air fares means the prices expressed in euro or in local currency to be paid to air carriers or their agents or other ticket sellers for the carriage of passengers on air services and any conditions under which those prices apply, including remuneration and conditions offered to agency and other auxiliary services.

Air navigation services: Abbreviation: ANS
Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/2803 (Single European Sky)
Keywords: Air transport

Air navigation services or ANS means air traffic services; communication, navigation and surveillance services (CNS) including services which augment signals emitted by satellites of core constellations of GNSS for the purpose of air navigation; meteorological services for air navigation (MET); aeronautical information services (AIS); and air traffic data services (ADS).

Air passenger: Abbreviation: PAX
Source: IATA passenger glossary
Keywords: Air transport, Passengers

Any person, except members of the crew, carried or to be carried in an aircraft with the consent of the carrier

Air service: Source: Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008
Keywords: Air transport

A flight or a series of flights carrying passengers, cargo and/or mail for remuneration and/or hire

Air traffic control service: Abbreviation: ATC
Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/2803 (Single European Sky)
Keywords: Air transport

Air traffic control service or ATC service means a service provided for the purpose of:
a) preventing collisions;
(i) between aircraft;
(ii) in the manoeuvring area between aircraft and obstructions;
b) expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic.

Air traffic data services: Abbreviation: ADS
Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/2803 (Single European Sky)
Keywords: Air transport

Air traffic data services or ADS means services consisting in the collection, aggregation and integration of operational data from providers of surveillance services, from providers of MET and AIS and network functions and from other relevant entities generating operational data, and the provision of processed data for air traffic control and air traffic management purposes.

Air Traffic Flow and Capacity Management: Abbreviation: ATFCM
Source: EUROCONTROL (ATFCM Operations Manual)
Keywords: Air transport, Management

A service complementary to Air Traffic Control (ATC ), the objective of which is to optimise traffic flows according to air traffic control capacity while enabling airlines to operate safe and efficient flights.

Air traffic flow management: Abbreviation: ATFM Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/2803 (Single European Sky)
Keywords: Air transport, Planning

Air traffic flow management or ATFM means a function established with the objective of contributing to a safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic covering the full trajectory by ensuring that ATC capacity is utilised to the maximum extent possible, and that the traffic volume is compatible with the capacities declared by the appropriate air traffic service providers.

Air traffic management: Abbreviation: ATM Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/2803 (Single European Sky)
Keywords: Air transport

Air traffic management or ATM means the aggregation of the airborne and ground-based functions and services, namely air traffic services, airspace management and air traffic flow management, including flight procedures design, required to ensure the safe and efficient movement of aircraft during all phases of operations.

Air Traffic Management: Abbreviation: ATM
Source: ICAO Doc 4444 ATM/501
Keywords: Air transport, Management

The dynamic, integrated management of air traffic and airspace including air traffic services, airspace management and air traffic flow management — safely, economically and efficiently — through the provision of facilities and seamless services in collaboration with all parties and involving airborne and ground-based functions

Air traffic services: Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/2803 (Single European Sky)
Keywords: Air Transport

Air traffic services means the various flight information services, alerting services and air traffic advisory services, as well as ATC services, namely area, approach and aerodrome control services.

Airline schedule: Keywords: Air transport, Operations, Planning

Airline timetable including aircraft routing/assignment and crew rostering

Airline schedule perturbation: Source: Air transport management: an international perspective, Routledge, 2017
Keywords: Air transport, Operations, planning

A change to scheduled departure or arrival times during day of operations.

Airline schedule recovery: Source: Air transport management: an international perspective, Routledge, 2018
Keywords: Air transport, Operations, planning

The reactive interventions undertaken by an airline to return operations to normal following schedule perturbations

Airline timetable: Source: Kalić, M., Dožić, S., Babić, D., Introduction to the air transport system, CRC Press, 2022
Keywords: Air transport, Operations, planning

Airline timetable is a list of flights with the flight number, specified departure airport, date and time of departure and arrival airport, date and arrival time;

Airport: Abbreviation: A/P Source: Regulation (EC) No 1107/2006, DIRECTIVE 2009/12/EC
Keywords: Air transport, Infrastructure

Any area of land specially adapted for the landing, taking-off and manoeuvres of aircraft, including ancillary installations which these operations may involve for the requirements of aircraft traffic and services including installations needed to assist commercial air services.

Airport Collaborative Decision Making: Abbreviation: A-CDM
Source: EUROCONTROL
Keywords: Air transport, Decision making

Airport Collaborative Decision Making is the concept which aims at improving Air Traffic Flow and Capacity Management (ATFCM) at airports by reducing delays, improving the predictability of events and optimising the utilisation of resources.

Airport managing body: Source: Regulation (EC) No 1107/2006
Keywords: Air transport, Management

`Managing body of the airport’ or ‘managing body’ means a body which notably has as its objective under national legislation the administration and management of airport infrastructures, and the coordination and control of the activities of the various operators present in an airport or airport system.

Airport system: Source: Consolidated text: Council Regulation (EEC) No 95/93 (Slots Regulation)
Keywords: Air transport, Infrastructure

Airport system shall mean two or more airports grouped together and serving the same city or conurbation as indicated in Annex II to Regulation (EEC) No 2408/92 [repealed by Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008; article 2: ‘conurbation’ means an urban area comprising a number of cities or towns which, through population growth and expansion, have physically merged to form one continuous built up area].

Airspace management: Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/2803 (Single European Sky)
Keywords: Air transport, Management

Airspace management means a planning and monitoring function with the primary objective of optimising the utilisation of available airspace by dynamic time-sharing and, at times, the segregation of airspace among various categories of airspace users on the basis of short-term needs.

Allocation: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2012/34/EU (Single European Railway Area)
Keywords: Rail transport, Infrastructure

Allocation means the allocation of railway infrastructure capacity by an infrastructure manager.

Alternative route: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2012/34/EU (Single European Railway Area)
Keywords: General Transport

Alternative route means another route between the same origin and destination where there is substitutability between the two routes for the operation of the freight or passenger service concerned by the railway undertaking.

Area of operation: Source: https://eur-lex.europa.eu
Keywords: Rail transport

Network or networks within one or more Member States where a railway undertaking intends to operate.

Arrival: Source: Regulation (EU) 2021/782 (Rail Passenger Rights)
Keywords: General Transport

Arrival means the moment when the doors of the train are opened on the destination platform and disembarkation is allowed.

Automatic Route Setting: Abbreviation: ARS
Source: UIC Rail Operation Handbook
Keywords: Rail transport, Operations, architecture

A function within modern railway signalling systems that automatically sets routes for trains based on the working timetable and current train positions, reducing the need for manual commands by the signaller.

Automatic Train Operation: Source: ERTMS glossary
Keywords: Rail transport, Operations, architecture

Automatic Train Operation is technology for automating the operation of trains. The degree of the automatisation is shown by the Grade of Automatation (GoA)

Automatic Train Protection: Abbreviation: ATP
Source: www.railwaysignalling.eu
Keywords: Rail transport, Operations, architecture

A system that monitors train speed and signal compliance in real time, applying automatic braking if a train exceeds the permitted speed or passes a signal at danger. It is a core layer of train safety and control systems.

Availability of data: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2010/40/EU (ITS Directive)
Keywords: Law & Regulation, Data

Availability of data means that data exists in a digital machine-readable format.

B2B Intermodal services: Source: FP1 motional
Keywords: General Transport, Transport type

Arrangements between transit businesses (operators) with the objective to deliver intermodal services.

Block: Source: https://railnet.in
Keywords: Rail transport

A block refers to a section of track between two signals or control points, where only one train can enter at a time to ensure safe separation.

Block time: Source: https://www.isarsoft.com
Keywords: Air transport

It refers to the time from when an aircraft leaves the gate until it arrives at the desti-nation gate (block-in/block-out time)

Bottleneck: Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/1679 (TEN-T Regulation)
Keywords: Ground transport

Bottleneck means a physical, technical, functional, operational or administrative barrier which leads to a system break, including systematic congestion or standstill, affecting the continuity of traffic for long-distance or cross-border flows.

Bus stop: Source: Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 (Bus & Coach Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Ground transport

Bus stop means any point other than a terminal where according to the specified route a regular service is scheduled to stop for passengers to board or alight.

Cancellation: Source: Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 (Air Passenger Rights)
Keywords: General Transport, Disruption, passenger rights

Cancellation means the non-operation of a flight which was previously planned and on which at least one place was reserved.

Cancellation: Source: Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 (Bus & Coach Passenger Rights)
Keywords: General Transport, Disruption, passenger rights

Cancellation means the non-operation of a regular service which was previously scheduled.

Capacity: Source: System Pillar: CMS_TMS System Concept R2 V1_3
Keywords: Rail transport, Architecture, Planning

The total overall capability of the infrastructure that can be utilised by traffic or by maintenance. Capacity may apply to specific geographic sectors like stations or lines. Capacity usage must be requested, which results in capacity demand.

Capacity (airline): Source: Janic, M. (2015). Transport Systems: Modelling, Planning, and Evaluation. CRC Press.
Keywords: Air Transport, Performance, Planning

The supply of available seats offered by an airline over a specific time period, typically measured in Available Seat Kilometres (ASK), reflecting the total passenger transport potential.

Capacity (airport): Source: ICAO Airport Planning Manual, Doc 9184, Part 1
Keywords: Air Transport, Performance, Planning

The maximum number of aircraft movements, passengers, or cargo units that an airport can process in a given period under specific operational conditions without causing delays or service degradation.

Capacity (network): Source: EUROCONTROL – European ATM Master Plan, ICAO Doc 9971 – Manual on Collaborative Air Traffic Flow Management
Keywords: Air Transport, Performance, Planning

Network capacity refers to the maximum number of aircraft that can be safely and efficiently managed within a defined portion of controlled airspace over a given time period, considering air traffic control resources, sector configurations, and traffic complexity.

Capacity (network): Source: UIC Leaflet 406 – Capacity
Keywords: Rail transport, Performance, Planning

The ability of a transport infrastructure network (e.g., rail or multimodal corridors) to accommodate train or vehicle movements over time, considering physical infrastructure, signalling, and operational constraints.

Capacity Management System: Abbreviation: CMS
Source: https://rne.eu/capacity-management/general-information/
Keywords: Rail transport, Architecture

System dealing with the long- to short-term planning and allocation of rail infrastructure capacity

Capacity Plan: Source: System Pillar: CMS_TMS System Concept R2 V1_3
Keywords: Rail transport, Architecture, Planning

The capacity plan comprises any planned capacity usage (traffic and construction works) at any point in time during the planning period. The aim is a consistent and conflict free capacity plan.

Capacity Planning: Source: System Pillar: CMS_TMS System Concept R2 V1_3
Keywords: Rail transport, Architecture, Planning

Capacity Planning is an instrument to determining the total theoretically available capacity supply (max. number of journeys per direction) and compare it to demand. Capacity can be requested from long term to short term (ad hoc slot ordering). Capacity planning supports the planning along all-time horizons (strategic to short term).

Capacity Production: Source: System Pillar: CMS_TMS System Concept R2 V1_3
Keywords: Rail transport, Architecture

Capacity production is the implementation of the operational plan. Capacity production begins when the train starts its scheduled mission and ends with when it ends.

Catalogue of catalogues: Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: Architecture, Data

The Catalogue of Catalogues is a Data Catalogue and Vocabulary concept that is derived from DCAT (Data Catalogue Vocabulary) and must be adapted to the needs of the SIGN-AIR project and the operation of the project’s innovative graph database-based Knowledge Base implementation. A user will provide his/her available data categories in the Catalogue that allows the usage of other functionalities of the SIGN-AIR platform such as the Matching Mechanism.
Primary Goal: Organize and provide metadata for datasets.
Core Functionality: Metadata creation, data discovery, governance.
Output. Metadata repository and data inventory.
Integration Scope: Focused on managing and facilitating data usage.

Causes: Source: https://eur-lex.europa.eu
Keywords: General Transport, Disruption

Actions, omissions, events or conditions, or a combination thereof, which led to an accident or incident.

CEN/CENELEC Transmodel: Source: https://transmodel-cen.eu/
Keywords: Ground transport, Standardization, Data

European Reference Data Model for public transport information. a data standard that covers many aspects of public transport information and service management, facilitating the use of data in a wide variety of public transport information systems, including for timetabling, fares, operational management, real-time data, and journey planning.

City Transit Operators: Source: FP1 motional
Keywords: Rail transport, Stakeholders

Business participant (private) managing public transit services with a municipality scope (eg. Shuttle services, local minibuses etc.)

Collaborative decision making: Abbreviation: CDM
Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/2803 (Single European Sky)
Keywords: Air Transport, Decision making

Collaborative decision-making means a process in which decisions are made based on interaction and consultation with the relevant Member State authorities, operational stakeholders and other actors, as appropriate, and aiming to achieve consensus.

Combined (multimodal) ticket: Source: COM/2023/752 final (Proposal for a Regulation on passenger rights in the context of multimodal journeys)
Keywords: ticketing

Combined multimodal ticket means a ticket or tickets for a multimodal journey representing separate transport contracts which are combined by a carrier or intermediary on its own initiative, and which are purchased by means of a single payment by the passenger.

Combined Ticket: Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: ticketing

A combined ticket is a comprehensive ticket contract for a multimodal journey that consolidates separate transport contracts into a single, cohesive package. This integration is facilitated by a carrier, service provider, or intermediary on their own initiative, allowing passengers to purchase the entire journey with a single payment.

Commercial air transport operator: Source: ICAO Glossary
Keywords: Air transport, Stakeholders

An operator that, for remuneration, provides scheduled or non-scheduled air transport services to the public for the carriage of passengers, freight or mail. This category includes airlines (air carriers) and small-scale operators, such as air taxis and commercial business operators, that provide commercial air transport services.

Commercial passenger air service: Source: Regulation (EC) No 1107/2006 (PRM-APR)
Keywords: Air transport, Transport type

Commercial passenger air service means a passenger air transport service operated by an air carrier through a scheduled or non‐scheduled flight offered to the general public for valuable consideration, whether on its own or as part of a package.

Common Taxonomy: Source: AMPLE3
Keywords: Air transport, Architecture

The Common Taxonomy is defined as a set of elements and their relationships. It is used to capture and harmonise the information that is needed to be developed, integrated and maintained throughout the Air Traffic Management (ATM) lifecycle to streamline, accelerate and make more efficient the transition from Research and Innovation to deployment.

Community air carrier: Source: Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008 (Air Services Regulation); also referred to in the Air Passenger Rights Regulation
Keywords: Air transport

Community air carrier means an air carrier with a valid operating licence granted by a competent licensing authority in accordance with Chapter II [of the Air Services Regulation].

Community air carrier: Source: Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008 (Air Services Regulation); also referred to in the Air Passenger Rights Regulation
Keywords: Air transport

Community air carrier means an air carrier with a valid operating licence granted by a competent licensing authority in accordance with Chapter II [of the Air Services Regulation].

Compatibility: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2010/40/EU (ITS Directive)
Keywords: Architecture

Compatibility means the general ability of a device or system to work with another device or system without modification.

Computerised reservation system: Abbreviation: CRS Source: Regulation (EC) No 80/2009 (CRS CoC)
Keywords: Architecture, ticketing

Computerised reservation system or CRS means a computerised system containing information about, inter alia, schedules, availability and fares, of more than one air carrier, with or without facilities to make reservations or issue tickets, to the extent that some or all of these services are made available to subscribers.

Conceptual Data Model (TMS): Abbreviation: CDM
Source: In2Rail_D7.5_Evaluation_of_the_Proof-of-concept_FINAL
Keywords: Rail transport, Data, architecture

Data model of the railway system focused on project- and platform-independent representation of the conceptual constituents of the rail system. The Conceptual Data Model adheres to a semantic approach. It leverages industry standards and federates from specialist modelling initiatives, where present, to model the various domains of the rail system.

Conflict: Source: System Pillar: CMS_TMS System Concept R2 V1_3
Keywords: Rail transport

A conflict is any difference between the operational plan and the forecast, regardless of any actual need for intervention to resolve it.

Conflict: Keywords: Air transport

Congested infrastructure: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2012/34/EU (Single European Railway Area)
Keywords: Rail Transport, Infrastructure

Congested infrastructure means an element of infrastructure for which demand for infrastructure capacity cannot be fully satisfied during certain periods even after coordination of the different requests for capacity.

Connected Driver Advisory System: Abbreviation: C-DAS
Source: Driver Advisory System energy saving – railwaysignalling.eu
Keywords: Rail transport, Operations

Realizes a communications link to the Control Centre (or Traffic Management Centre) in each controlled area in which the train operates. This enables the provision of schedule, routing and speed restriction updates to trains in near real time, and also receipt of information from trains to the IM control centre to improve regulation decisions.

Connecting flight: Source: https://data.consilium.europa.eu
Keywords: Air transport, Operations

Connecting flight means a flight that carries the passenger from a transfer point to which the passenger was transported by a feeder flight, if the flights are under a single contract of carriage. This excludes stopovers, i.e. the voluntary interruption of the performance of the contract of carriage by the passenger and agreed in advance by the air carrier as it appears on the ticket. Such a stopover point shall be regarded as a final destination.

Connecting passenger (air transport): Source: https://airportscouncil.org
Keywords: Air transport, Passengers

Connecting passengers means any passenger who is a through passenger, including those who are connecting or transferring between aircraft, and their baggage continues on to a destination beyond the airport.

Connection (air transport): Source: IATA passenger glossary of terms
Keywords: Air transport, Operations

The ability to transfer passengers, baggage, cargo or mail from one flight to another within a reasonable time period. On-line connections concern transfers between flights of the same airline designator and interline connections between flights of different airline designators

Connectivity: Source: ICAO Air Transport Connectivity Index
Keywords: Air Transport

Connectivity in air transport refers to the ability of passengers or cargo to reach a wide range of destinations efficiently, measured by the number, frequency, quality (e.g., directness, speed), and scheduling of air services available from a given airport or country. It may include both direct and indirect (via transfer) connections.

Connectivity: Source: UIC (International Union of Railways)
Keywords: Rail Transport

In rail transport, connectivity refers to the degree to which the railway network enables efficient and convenient access to destinations, either directly or through well-coordinated transfers. It includes the integration of services, station access, network density, schedule coordination, and intermodality with other transport modes.

Connectivity: Source: UNCTAD Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (LSCI)
Keywords: Maritime Transport

Maritime connectivity refers to the accessibility and integration of seaports within global shipping networks. It is commonly measured by the number of direct shipping services, frequency of sailings, number of countries connected, and port call performance. The Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (LSCI) is a common metric used.

Connector: Source: https://internationaldataspaces.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/IDSA-Data-Connector-Report-92-No-8-September-2023-1.pdf
31
Keywords: Architecture, data

A component of the federated dataspace trhough which a Participant in the ecosystem:
1- As a Producer, publishes machine-readable description of the data resources it makes available in the dataspace federated catalog
2- As a Producer, publishes machine-readable policies for use of the data resources it makes available to the dataspace
3- As a Consumer, peforms search and disvovery on the federated catalog of data resources available to it
4- As a Consumer, initiates a contract negotiation with the Producer for obtaining selected data resources
5- As a Producer, executes the contract negotiation initiated by a Consumer and grants access to the data resource if negotiation is successful based on the policy associated to the selected data resource
6- As a both Consumer and Producer performs the data exchange of a data resource ffrom the Producer to the Consumer upon successful negotiation of the contract on that data resource

Consent: Source: Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR); also referred to in the Data Governance Act
Keywords: law & Regulation, Passengers Rights

Consent of the data subject means any freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous indication of the data subject’s wishes by which he or she, by a statement or by a clear affirmative action, signifies agreement to the processing of personal data relating to him or her.

Consumer: Source: Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 (P2B Regulation); also referred to in the Consumer Rights Directive, Unfair Terms Directive, E-Commerce Directive, Data Act
Keywords: General Transport

Consumer means any natural person who is acting for purposes which are outside this person’s trade, business[, craft] or profession.

Continuity of services: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2010/40/EU (ITS Directive)
Keywords: General Transport

Continuity of services means the ability to ensure seamless services on transport networks across the Union.

Contract template: Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: law & Regulation

A model contract that shall be used as a basis for negotiation by the TSPs. More specifically
A contract template for a data sharing agreement is a predefined document framework that outlines the terms and conditions under which data is exchanged between parties. This template includes both non-negotiable and negotiable parts:
● Non-Negotiable Parts: These are fixed clauses and conditions that must be included in every data sharing agreement to ensure compliance with legal, regulatory, and organisational standards. Examples include definitions, confidentiality obligations, data protection measures, and termination clauses.
● Negotiable Parts: These are clauses and conditions that can be customised based on the specific needs and agreements of the involved parties. The negotiable parts follow a drop-down list logic, allowing users to select from predefined options. Some clauses may have dependencies, meaning that selecting a particular option may require the inclusion of additional related clauses or conditions.
A contract template for a smart contract is a predefined document framework that outlines the conditions, triggers and actions under which the data sharing is executed. This template includes both non-negotiable and negotiable parts.
● Non-Negotiable Parts: These are fixed clauses and conditions that must be included in every smart contract to ensure compliance with legal, regulatory, and organisational standards.
● Negotiable Parts: These are (triggers and actions) conditions that can be customised based on the specific needs and agreements of the involved parties. The negotiable parts follow a drop-down list logic, allowing users to select from predefined options. Some conditions may have dependencies, meaning that selecting a particular option may require the inclusion of additional related clauses or conditions.

Control center: Source: https://glossaries.ontorail.org
Keywords: Rail transport, Architecture, systems

A centralised control system that controls the train movements in a large territory. from which to operate and supervise the system.

Control room: Keywords: Rail transport, Architecture, systems

Core functional entity, and its associated physical structure, where Operators are stationed to carry out centralized control, monitoring and administrative responsibilities.

Control room: Source: Eurocontrol (2020). Airport Operations Handbook; IATA (2019). Airport Management Best Practices.
Keywords: Air transport, Architecture, systems

A centralized operational facility at an airport responsible for monitoring, coordinating, and managing airport activities, including security, safety, traffic flow, and emergency response.

Controller: Source: Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR)
Keywords: Law & Regulation

Controller means the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which, alone or jointly with others, determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data; where the purposes and means of such processing are determined by Union or Member State law, the controller or the specific criteria for its nomination may be provided for by Union or Member State law.

Conurbation: Source: Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008 (Air Services Regulation)
Keywords: law & Regulation, Air transport

Conurbation means an urban area comprising a number of cities or towns which, through population growth and expansion, have physically merged to form one continuous built up area.

Coordinated airport: Source: Consolidated text: Council Regulation (EEC) No 95/93 (Slots Regulation)
Keywords: Air Transport

Coordinated airport shall mean any airport where, in order to land or take off, it is necessary for an air carrier or any other aircraft operator to have been allocated a slot by a coordinator, with the exception of State flights, emergency landings and humanitarian flights.

Coordination parameters: Source: Consolidated text: Council Regulation (EEC) No 95/93 (Slots Regulation)
Keywords: Air Transport

Coordination parameters shall mean the expression in operational terms of all the capacity available for slot allocation at an airport during each coordination period, reflecting all technical, operational and environmental factors that affect the performance of the airport infrastructure and its different sub-systems.

Crisis: Source: Rosenthal, U., & Kouzmin, A. (1997). “Crisis and crisis management: Toward comprehensive government decision making.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 7(2), 277-304.
Keywords: Disruption

A significant, high-impact disruption in transport services requiring urgent intervention. Crises can arise from severe weather events, major accidents, strikes, or security incidents that threaten operational stability and safety.

Data: Source: Regulation (EU) 2023/285 (Data Act) & Regulation (EU) 2022/868 (Data Governance Act)
Keywords: Law & Regulation

Data means any digital representation of acts, facts or information and any compilation of such acts, facts or information, including in the form of sound, visual or audio-visual recording.

Data attributes: Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: Architecture

Data attributes refer to the specific characteristics or properties that define and describe a piece of data within a dataset or database. These attributes provide detailed information about the data, helping to understand, categorise, and utilise it effectively. Data attributes are essential for data management, analysis, and processing. Here are the key aspects of data attributes:
Definition:
● Characteristics or Properties: Data attributes are the distinct qualities or features that describe a data element. For example, in a dataset containing information about employees, attributes might include name, age, job title, and salary.
Types of Data Attributes:
● Descriptive Attributes: Provide information about what the data represents. For example, a “Name” attribute describes the name of an individual.
● Structural Attributes: Define the structure of the data, such as its data type (e.g., integer, string, date) and format.
● Behavioural Attributes: Describe how the data behaves in relation to other data, such as relationships and dependencies.
Importance:
● Data Quality: Attributes help in assessing the quality of data, including accuracy, completeness, and consistency.
● Data Management: They are crucial for organizing and managing data within databases, enabling effective data retrieval and manipulation.
● Data Analysis: Attributes provide the necessary context for data analysis, helping to identify patterns, trends, and insights.
Attributes Metadata:
● Name: The identifier or label of the attribute.
● Data Type: The type of data the attribute holds (e.g., integer, string, date).
● Length/Size: The maximum size or length of the data.
● Default Value: The initial value of the attribute if none is provided.
● Constraints: Rules governing the attribute’s values (e.g., unique, not null).

Data consumer: Source: European Commission (2022). Data Governance Act; FIWARE Foundation (2021). Data Spaces Reference Architecture.
Keywords: law & Regulation, data, architecture

An entity that accesses and uses data provided by a data provider, typically for analysis, decision-making, or service provision.

Data controller: Source: GDPR, Article 4(7)
Keywords: law & Regulation, GDPR, Data governance

An entity that determines the purposes and means of processing personal data.

Data holder: Source: Regulation (EU) 2022/868 (Data Governance Act)
Keywords: law & Regulation, data, Data governance

Data holder means a legal person, including public sector bodies and international organisations, or a natural person who is not a data subject with respect to the specific data in question, which, in accordance with applicable Union or national law, has the right to grant access to or to share certain personal data or non-personal data.

Data holder: Source: Regulation (EU) 2023/285 (Data Act)
Keywords: law & Regulation, data, Data governance

Data holder means a natural or legal person that has the right or obligation, in accordance with this Regulation [i.e., the Data Act], applicable Union law or national legislation adopted in accordance with Union law, to use and make available data, including, where contractually agreed, product data or related service data which it has retrieved or generated during the provision of a related service.

Data holder: Source: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)
Keywords: Law & Regulation

Data holder means any legal person, public or private entity, such as transport authorities, transport operators, infrastructure managers or transport on demand service providers, who has the right to grant access to or to share the data under its control, listed in the Annex [of the MMTIS Delegated Regulation], in accordance with applicable Union or national law.

Data intermediation service: Source: Data Governance Act
Keywords: Law & Regulation, data

‘Data intermediation service’ means a service which aims to establish commercial relationships for the purposes of data sharing between an undetermined number of data subjects and data holders on the one hand and data users on the other, through technical, legal or other means, including for the purpose of exercising the rights of data subjects in relation to personal data, excluding at least the following:
(a) services that obtain data from data holders and aggregate, enrich or transform the data for the purpose of adding substantial value to it and license the use of the resulting data to data users, without establishing a commercial relationship between data holders and data users;
(b) services that focus on the intermediation of copyright-protected content;
(c) services that are exclusively used by one data holder in order to enable the use of the data held by that data holder, or that are used by multiple legal persons in a closed group, including supplier or customer relationships or collaborations established by contract, in particular those that have as a main objective to ensure the functionalities of objects and devices connected to the Internet of Things;
(d) data sharing services offered by public sector bodies that do not aim to establish commercial relationships

Data processing service: Source: Regulation (EU) 2023/285 (Data Act)
Keywords: Law & Regulation, data

Data processing service means a digital service that is provided to a customer and that enables ubiquitous and on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable, scalable and elastic computing resources of a centralised, distributed or highly distributed nature that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

Data processor: Source: Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR), Art. 4(8)
Keywords: law & Regulation, data

A natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body that processes personal data on behalf of the controller.

Data provider: Source: European Commission (2022). Data Governance Act; Gaia-X (2021). Architecture Document
Keywords: law & Regulation, data, architecture

An entity that makes data available for use by others, typically through platforms, APIs, or data spaces

Data recipient: Source: Regulation (EU) 2023/285 (Data Act)
Keywords: Law & Regulation

Data recipient means a natural or legal person, acting for purposes which are related to that person’s trade, business, craft or profession, other than the user of a connected product or related service, to whom the data holder makes data available, including a third party following a request by the user to the data holder or in accordance with a legal obligation under Union law or national legislation adopted in accordance with Union law.

Data sharing: Source: Data Governance Act
Keywords: Law & Regulation, data

‘Data sharing’ means the provision by a data holder of data to a data user for the purpose of joint or individual use of the shared data, based on voluntary agreements, directly or through an intermediary

Data sharing: Source: TSI telematics
Keywords: Rail transport, data

Means the publishing of data where access control may be applied

Data Sharing Agreement: Abbreviation: DSA
Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: Law & Regulation, data

A data sharing agreement is an e-contract* that defines the data that a data provider TSP makes available to a data consumer TSP, and that sets out the specific terms and conditions for the lawful use of such data. The objective of a data sharing agreement (such as single ticketing, synchronisation of timetables, optimization of resources, increased ridesharing, etc.) may be detailed in a smart contract.

Data subject: Source: Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR); also referred to in the Data Act, Data Governance Act
Keywords: law & Regulation, data

An identified or identifiable natural person (‘data subject’) is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier or to one or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity of that natural person.

Data update: Source: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)
Keywords: Architecture, data

Data update means any modification of the existing data, including its deletion or the insertion of new or additional elements.

Data user: Source: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)
Keywords: Architecture, data

Data user means any public or private entity, such as transport authorities, transport operators, travel information service providers, digital map producers, transport on demand service providers and infrastructure managers, or any other entity using data listed in the Annex [of the MMTIS Delegated Regulation] to create multimodal travel information, or where provided by the terms and conditions determined by the data holder, using the data for other purposes.

Data user: Source: Regulation (EU) 2022/868 (Data Governance Act)
Keywords: law & Regulation, data

Data user means a natural or legal person who has lawful access to certain personal or non-personal data and has the right, including under Regulation (EU) 2016/679 in the case of personal data, to use that data for commercial or non-commercial purposes.

Decision: Source: System Pillar: CMS_TMS System Concept R2 V1_3
Keywords: Rail Transport, Operation

A decision is a single action intended to make a modification the operational plan.

Decision Support System: Abbreviation: DSS
Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: Architecture, Disruption

A system that uses real-time data, analytics, and predictive modelling to support operators in making informed decisions during disruptions.

Delay: Source: Regulation (EU) 2021/782 (Rail Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Disruption

Delay means the time difference between the time the passenger was scheduled to arrive in accordance with the published timetable and the time of his or her actual or expected arrival at the station of final destination.

Delay: Source: Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 (Bus & Coach Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Disruption

Delay means a difference between the time the regular service was scheduled to depart in accordance with the published timetable and the time of its actual departure.

Delay: Keywords: Disruption

Categorisation of a VEHICLE JOURNEY for presentation as being late and subject to significant uncertainty caused either by a Disturbance to the transport network or a problem with the VEHICLE itself

Demand Responsive Transport: Abbreviation: DRT Source: como.org.uk
Keywords: General Transport, Stakeholders

Demand Responsive Transport operates along more flexible routes in a more on-demand way. The routing is dynamic to pick-up and drop-off additional passengers en-route without significantly increasing the overall journey time. In most cases, these services are tendered and commissioned by the public sector, but in some casses they are owned and operated by private companies.

Denied boarding: Source: Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 (Air Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Air transport, Passengers Rights

Denied boarding means a refusal to carry passengers on a flight, although they have presented themselves for boarding under the conditions laid down in Article 3(2) [i.e., (a) have a confirmed reservation on the flight concerned and, except in the case of cancellation referred to in Article 5, present themselves for check-in, as stipulated and at the time indicated in advance and in writing (including by electronic means) by the air carrier, the tour operator or an authorised travel agent, or, if no time is indicated, not later than 45 minutes before the published departure time; or (b) have been transferred by an air carrier or tour operator from the flight for which they held a reservation to another flight, irrespective of the reason], except where there are reasonable grounds to deny them boarding, such as reasons of health, safety or security, or inadequate travel documentation.

Development of the railway infrastructure: Source: Commission Delegated Decision (EU) 2017/2075
Keywords: Rail Transport

Network planning, financial and investment planning as well as the building and upgrading of the infrastructure.

Deviation: Source: System Pillar: CMS_TMS System Concept R2 V1_3
Keywords: Rail transport, operation, disruption

A deviation is any difference between the operational plan and the actual state of traffic; unlike a conflict, deviations may only be mitigated but not solved.

Deviation: Source: CAO (2020). Annex 6; FAA (2021). Aeronautical Information Manual
Keywords: Air transport, operation

A flight operation that does not follow the planned route, schedule, or procedure due to weather, technical, or operational reasons.

Digital Automated Train Operation: Abbreviation: DATO
Source: Shift2Rail (2021). System Architecture; UIC (2020). ATO over ETCS Specifications
Keywords: Rail transport, architecture

A system that automates train driving tasks using digital technologies to enhance performance, safety, and capacity.

Digital Twin: Keywords: Architecture

A logical construct incorporating data, models, algorithms, software and so on that is associated with a physical system at various stages of his life cycle and exchanges data with it
1- A virtual representation, or digitally replicated version, of real-world entities and processes, synchronized at a specified frequency and fidelity (Digital twin Consortium definition). Alias: Digital Mirror
2- A system that provides such virtual representation and makes it available for the implementation of analysis, simulation and control applications of the represented system
3- An integrated simulation of a complex product/systems that, through physical models and sensor updates, mirrors the life of its corresponding twin.
functional mock-up interface

Direct air service: Source: Consolidated text: Council Regulation (EEC) No 95/93 (Slots Regulation)
Keywords: Air Transport

Direct air service shall mean a service between two airports including stopovers with the same aircraft and same flight number.

Direct flight: Source: IATA passenger glossary of terms; Wikipedia
Keywords: Air transport, Operations

Any flight ticketed as a single flight coupon, irrespective of whether there are en route stops and/or changes of aircraft types. A direct flight is any flight between two points by an airline with no change in flight numbers, which may include one or more stops at an intermediate point(s). A stop may either be to get new passengers (or allow some to disembark) or a technical stop over (e.g., for refuelling). Non-stop flights are a special case of direct flights involving no intermediate stops.

Disabled person/ person with disabilities (see also: Person with reduced mobility): Source: Regulation (EC) No 1107/2006 (PRM-APR); Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 (Bus & Coach Passenger Rights); Regulation (EU) No 1177/2010 (Waterborne Passenger Rights); Regulation (EC) 261/2004 (Air Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Passenger archetype

Disabled person or person with reduced mobility means any person whose mobility when using transport is reduced [as a result of/ due to/ because of] any physical disability (sensory or locomotory, permanent or temporary), intellectual [disability or] impairment, or any other cause of disability, or [as a result of] age, and whose situation needs appropriate attention and adaptation to [his, his or her, the person’s] [particular] needs of the services made available to all passengers.

Disabled person/ person with disabilities (see also: Person with reduced mobility): Source: Regulation (EU) 2021/782 (Rail Passenger Rights); COM/2023/752 final (Proposal for a Regulation on passenger rights in the context of multimodal journeys)
Keywords: Passenger archetype

Person with disabilities and person with reduced mobility mean any person who has a permanent or temporary physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment which, in interaction with various barriers, may hinder his or her full and effective use of transport on an equal basis with other passengers or whose mobility when using transport is reduced due to age.

Discovery service: Source: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)
Keywords: law & Regulation, General Transport

Discovery service means a service allowing for the search of the requested data using the contents of the corresponding metadata and displaying such contents.

Dispatch: Source: https://www.eurocontrol.int
Keywords: Air transport, Operations

The process of planning, authorizing, and releasing a flight, ensuring all operational and safety requirements are met before take-off. Flight dispatchers work with pi-lots to ensure safety and efficiency.

Dispatch: Source: https://www.up.com
Keywords: Rail transport, Operations

Dispatch or Dispachting is the act of controlling and directing train movements, often from a dispatch center where train controllers manage railway traffic, signals, and track assignments.

Disruption management: Source: Air transport management: an international perspective, Routledge, 2019
Keywords: Air transport, Operations, Disruption

The process and actions taken by an airline to minimise the cost resulting from operational disruptions.

Disruption management: Source: FP1 motional
Keywords: General Transport, Operations, Disruption

Management of transport service disruption by considering solutions within the affected transport service and/or alternative transport modes as recovery strategies. The ultimate goal is to enable affected travellers to continue their own journeys.

Distributed Ledger: Keywords: General Transport, Architecture

A distributed ledger (also called a shared ledger or distributed ledger technology or DLT) is the consensus of replicated, shared, and synchronized digital data that is geographically spread (distributed) across many sites, countries, or institutions.

Disturbance: Source: Van Oort, N., & van Nes, R. (2009). “Regularity analysis for optimizing urban transit network design.” Public Transport, 1(2), 115-126
Keywords: Ground transport, Disruption

A localized, minor event or issue that causes temporary interruptions to transport services without major delays or impacts. Disturbances can stem from small technical malfunctions, minor weather changes, or operational inefficiencies. These events may slightly affect the schedule but do not halt the service.

Domestic rail passenger service: Source: Regulation (EU) 2021/782 (Rail Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Rail transport

Domestic rail passenger service means a rail passenger service which does not cross a border of a Member State.

Door-to-door mobility: Abbreviation: D2D
Source: https://uic.org
Keywords: General Transport, Type of service

Refers to transportation services that facilitate seamless travel from a passenger’s point of origin directly to their destination, encompassing all segments of the journey. This concept emphasizes the integration of various transportation modes to provide a continuous and convenient travel experience.
In the context of rail transport, door-to-door solutions involve the combined use of rail and other modes, such as buses, taxis, or cycling, within a single journey. This approach promotes multimodality and seamless mobility, aiming to increase the attractiveness of rail services by offering comprehensive travel options.

Driver Advisory System: Abbreviation: DAS
Keywords: Rail transport, Operations, architecture

An on-board system that provides real-time driving recommendations to train drivers to optimize energy use and punctuality.

Durable medium: Source: Directive 2011/83/EU (Consumer Rights Directive); Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 (P2B Regulation); Directive (EU) 2015/2302 (Package Travel Directive)

Durable medium means any instrument which enables [the consumer or the trader (CRD); business users (P2B); the traveller or the trader (PTD)] to store information addressed personally to [him/ them] in a way accessible for future reference [and] for a period of time adequate for the purposes of the information and [which] allows the unchanged reproduction of the information stored.

Dynamic travel and traffic data: Source: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)
Keywords: Data

Dynamic travel and traffic data means data relating to different transport modes that change often, or data on unexpected events or circumstances, as listed in the Annex [of the MMTIS Delegated Regulation].

Electric Vertical Take-off and Landing aircraft: Abbreviation: eVTOL A/C
Source: UIC (2019). DAS Guidelines; Shift2Rail (2020). Technical Factsheet
Keywords: Air transport, Vehicles

An electric VTOL aircraft that uses electric propulsion systems and batteries or other non-traditional fuels

Electric Vertical Take-off and Landing operator: Abbreviation: eVTOL operator
Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: Air transport, Stakeholders

An operator that provides air transport services to the public for the carriage of passengers by eVTOL aircraft

Electronic contract: Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: Law & Regulation

An electronic contract or e-contract is a traditional agreement formulated online. The parties interact with one another in a digital format, rather than physically. Although it is digital, an eContract is still a legal contract. It is an agreement between two individuals or companies to create binding mutual obligations that must meet certain legal elements to be enforceable. It has to be noted that the eEIDAS Regulation establishes the principle that an electronic document cannot be denied legal effect on the grounds that it is in an electronic form. In a world where goods can be ordered online by a simple click, the traditional method of parties executing documents in wet ink on paper is anachronistic. Therefore, the use of qualified electronic signatures that conform to the eEIDAS Regulation is certainly of added value for the contracts concluded on the SYN+AIR platform.

Enabler: Abbreviation: EN
Source: AMPLE3
Keywords: Air transport, Architecture, Performance

Enablers describe the change to the SESAR Target Architecture to achieve a performance improvement.
The change can be something brand new or change/removal of something existing.
Enabler is classified in:
System Enablers when describing changes in the (technical) System
Human Enablers when describing changes in the role and responsibilities of the human.

End-User representatives: Source: https://www.lawinsider.com

Individual End-Users chosen to contribute to the system development process.

End-Users: Source: https://www.collinsdictionary.com
Keywords: Rail transport, End

Those who have the potential to be affected by the introduction of new assets or technologies or by proposed modifications to existing assets or technologies (includes operational staff or supplier maintenance staff and passengers).

European air traffic management network: Abbreviation: EATMN
Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/2803 (Single European Sky)
Keywords: Air Transport

European air traffic management network (EATMN) means the collection of systems, referred to in point 3.1 of Annex VIII to Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 [i.e., the systems and procedures shall include in particular those required to support the following functions and services: (a) Airspace management; (b) Air traffic flow management; (c) Air traffic services, in particular flight data processing systems, surveillance data processing systems and human-machine interface systems; (d) Communications including ground-to-ground/space, air-to-ground and air-to-air/space communications; (e) Navigation; (f) Surveillance; (g) Aeronautical information services; and (h) Meteorological services], enabling air navigation services in the Union to be provided, including the interfaces at boundaries with third countries.

European ATM Master Plan: Abbreviation: ATM MP
Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/2803 (Single European Sky); Regulation (EU) 2024/1679 (TEN-T Regulation)
Keywords: Air transport, policy, strategic layer

European ATM Master Plan means the plan endorsed by Council Decision 2009/320/EC [i.e., the European Air Traffic Management Master Plan of the Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) project], as subsequently amended.

European Union Agency for Railways: Abbreviation: ERA
Source: https://www.era.europa.eu
Keywords: Air transport, policy, strategic layer

The European Union Agency for Railways is an agency of the European Union established by the Regulation (EU) 2016/796. Its purpose is to support the development of a Single European Railway Area, without frontiers, guaranteeing a high level of safety.

Event/Alert: Source: McDonnell, S., Ferreira, L., & Charles, P. (2009). “The role of incidents in urban transport system management.” Transport Reviews, 29(1), 29-49.
Keywords: Architecture, Disruption

In the context of transport, an event refers to any occurrence or incident that affects the normal operation of transport services.
1. Events can be planned (e.g., maintenance work or public holidays) or unplanned (e.g., accidents, technical failures, or weather-related incidents).
2. Unplanned events often lead to disruptions, delays, or disturbances. Effective event management involves identifying, responding to, and mitigating the impacts of such occurrences.

Extensive disruptions to traffic: Source: https://eur-lex.europa.eu
Keywords: Rail transport, Law & Regulation, Disruption

Means that train services on a main railway line are suspended for six hours or more.

Fares: Source: Regulation (EC) No 80/2009 (CRS CoC)
Keywords: General Transport, ticketing

Fares means the prices to be paid by passengers to air carriers, rail-transport operators, their agents or other ticket sellers for the carriage of those passengers on transport services and any conditions under which those prices apply, including remuneration and conditions offered to agency and other auxiliary services.

Federated Dataspace: Source: https://commission.europa.eu
Keywords: Architecture, Data

A data space is a federated data and service ecosystem enabling the voluntary, sovereign and secure sharing of data between different entities, such as industry, SMEs and public administrations. The concept applies to various sectors, such as manufacturing, energy, tourism, health, mobility and freight.
A dataspace is concerned with the cybersecure, reliable, scalable, sovereignty-preserving sharing and communication of data regardless of their econding in a specific format.

Final destination: Source: Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 (Air Passenger Rights)
Keywords: General Transport

Final destination means the destination on the ticket presented at the check-in counter or, in the case of directly connecting flights, the destination of the last flight; alternative connecting flights available shall not be taken into account if the original planned arrival time is respected.

Flight: Source: Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008 (Air Services Regulation)
Keywords: Air transport

Flight means a departure from a specified airport towards a specified destination airport.

Forcast: Source: System Pillar: CMS_TMS System Concept R2 V1_3
Keywords: Rail transport, Forcast

The forecast displays the future state of traffic. It based on the current operational state. The forecast projects the current operational plan into the future. A forecast for each train run under consideration of mutual train influence is processed (train run time, section run time, minimal section run time, detailed topology, headways and train sequence, circulation, connection, etc.).

Full-Service Carrier (Full-service airline): Abbreviation: FSC
Source: https://www.anahd.co.jp https://doi.org
Keywords: Air transport, Stakeholders, Full

An airline company that serves a wide range of markets based on a route network that includes connecting flights. FSCs offer multiple classes of seats and provide in-flight food and beverages that are included in advance in the fare paid. FSC operates on network of short-, mid- and long-haul routes and possess/leases the fleet of variety of aircraft types

Future Railway Mobile Communication System: Abbreviation: FRMCS
Source: UIC (https://uic.org/rail-system/telecoms-signalling/frmcs)
Keywords: Rail transport, Standardization, architecture

The next-generation communication standard for railways, designed to replace GSM-R and support digital and automated operations.

General Transit Feed Specification: Abbreviation: GTFS
Keywords: Ground Transport, Standardization

The General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) is an Open Standard used to distribute relevant information about transit systems to riders. It allows public transit agencies to publish their transit data in a format that can be consumed by a wide variety of software applications. Today, the GTFS data format is used by thousands of public transport providers. GTFS consists of two main parts: GTFS Schedule and GTFS Realtime. The GTFS Schedule contains information about routes, schedules, fares, and geographic transit details, and it is presented in simple text files. This straightforward format allows for easy creation and maintenance without relying on complex or proprietary software.

Ground Handling Operator: Source: Aviation Industry Glossary – CAPA
Keywords: Air transport, Stakeholders, Ground

Company that provides ground handling support services to airlines. These may include catering, cleaning, passenger check-in and ticketing and engineering support.

Group of air carriers: Source: Consolidated text: Council Regulation (EEC) No 95/93 (Slots Regulation)
Keywords: Air transport, Group

Group of air carriers shall mean two or more air carriers which together perform joint operations, franchise operations or code-sharing for the purpose of operating a specific air service.

Harmonised standard: Source: Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 (European standardisation); also referred to in the NIS2 Directive, ITS Directive, Data Act, AI Act
Keywords: Standardization, Harmonised

Harmonised standard means a European standard adopted on the basis of a request made by the Commission for the application of Union harmonisation legislation.

Heavy maintenance: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2012/34/EU (Single European Railway Area)
Keywords: Rail transport, Heavy

Heavy maintenance means work that is not carried out routinely as part of day-to-day operations and requires the vehicle to be removed from service.

High speed passenger services: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2012/34/EU (Single European Railway Area)
Keywords: Rail transport

High speed passenger services means passenger rail services operated without intermediate stops between two places separated at least by a distance of more than 200 km on specially-built high-speed lines equipped for speeds generally equal or greater than 250 km/h and running on average at those speeds.

High-speed train: Source: European Commission; UIC High-Speed Rail Atlas
Keywords: Rail transport, Vehicle type

A high-speed train is a railway vehicle capable of sustained operation at speeds of at least 250 km/h on dedicated lines or 200 km/h on upgraded conventional lines.

Historic travel and traffic data: Source: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)
Keywords: Data, planning

Historic travel and traffic data means data relating to traffic characteristics, used to calculate average delays, depending on the hour, day and season, which is based on previous measurements, including rate of congestion, average speeds, and average travel times.

Holding: Source: https://skybrary.aero
Keywords: Air transport, Holding

A maneuver where an aircraft flies a circular or racetrack pattern while waiting for clearance to land or proceed (often due to traffic congestion or weather delays).

Holding: Source: https://www.up.com
Keywords: Rail transport, Holding

When a train is stopped or delayed at a station, junction, or signal point due to operational reasons (e.g., to allow another train to pass).

Hub: Source: FP1 motional
Keywords: Architecture

A network hardware device that connects multiple Ethernet devices, functioning as a single network segment. Operating at the physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model, it receives data from one port and broadcasts it to all other ports. Unlike switches, hubs do not filter or direct traffic, leading to increased network collisions and reduced efficiency. They have been largely replaced by network switches in modern networking.

Hub (transport): Source: IATA (2021). Airport Strategic Planning; EC (2020). TEN-T Guidelines
Keywords: General Transport, Multimodality

A central location in a transport network where passengers or goods are transferred between different routes or modes.

Human Machine Interface: Abbreviation: HMI
Source: https://csrc.nist.gov
Keywords: General Transport, Architecture, Human

Human Machine Interface is mainly the space and environment in which interactions between humans and machines occur, through complex relations between input and output exchanged among several sub-systems and/or peripheral devices and presented by means of the display of graphical elements and data, from where Operators can issue commands and supervise the sub-systems behaviour.

Human Machine Interface guidelines: Source: https://www.cmc-info.net
Keywords: General Transport, Architecture, Human

Set of suggestions, recommendations, procedures and best practices to be followed in order to design and develop an HMI system with usability compliant with expectations, reduce chance of human errors and Operators’ workload and improve situational awareness.

Incident: Source: ICAO (Internation Civil Aviation Organization) Definitions of Annex 13.
Keywords: Air transport, Disruption, Incident

An incident is any occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft, that affects, or could affect, the safety of that operation (e.g. bird strikes, hard landings).

Incident: Source: http://www.unescwa.org
Keywords: Rail transport, Disruption, Incident

Incident refers to any unexpected event affecting railway operations, which may include minor accidents, signalling failures, or train delays. Rail incidents can escalate into serious accidents depending on severity.

Incident: Source: https://eur-lex.europa.eu
Keywords: Rail transport, Disruption, Incident

Means any occurrence, other than an accident or serious accident, affecting the safety of railway operations.

Infrastructure capacity: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2012/34/EU (Single European Railway Area)
Keywords: Rail transport, Infrastructure, Infrastructure

Infrastructure capacity means the potential to schedule train paths requested for an element of infrastructure for a certain period.

Infrastructure manager: Abbreviation: IM
Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2012/34/EU (Single European Railway Area); also referred to in the Rail Passenger Rights Regulation
Keywords: Rail transport, Stakeholders, Infrastructure

Infrastructure manager means any body or firm responsible for the operation, maintenance and renewal of railway infrastructure on a network, as well as responsible for participating in its development as determined by the Member State within the framework of its general policy on development and financing of infrastructure.

Integrated ticket: Source: UITP, European Commission (EU Public Transport Policy)
Keywords: Multimodality, ticketing

A single ticket that allows passengers to use multiple modes of transport or services across different operators seamlessly within a single journey.

Integration Layer: Source: In2Rail_D7.5_Evaluation_of_the_Proof-of-concept_FINAL
Keywords: Rail Transport, Architecture

A software component enabling interoperability between heterogeneous systems by translating, routing, and orchestrating data flows.

Intelligent Transport Systems: Abbreviation: ITS
Source: DIRECTIVE 2010/40/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 7 July 2010 on the framework for the deployment of Intelligent Transport Systems in the field of road transport and for interfaces with other modes of transport (Text with EEA relevance)
Keywords: General Transport, Intelligent

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are advanced appli cations which without embodying intelligence as such aim to provide innovative services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management and enable various users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated and ‘smarter’ use of transport networks.

Intercity train: Abbreviation: IC
Source: UIC; Deutsche Bahn; SNCF
Keywords: Rail Transport, vechicles, service type

An InterCity train is a long-distance train service that connects major cities with limited stops and relatively high speeds, often offering first and second class.

Interface: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2010/40/EU (ITS Directive)
Keywords: Architecture, Interface

Interface means a facility between systems which provides the media through which they can connect and interact.

Interlocking: Source: https://www.era.europa.eu
Keywords: Rail transport, operations, Interlocking

A general term applied to the controlling of the setting and releasing of “signals” and “points” to prevent unsafe conditions arising, and equipment which performs this function.

Intermediary: Source: COM/2023/752 final (Proposal for a Regulation on passenger rights in the context of multimodal journeys); COM/2023/753 final (Proposal for a Regulation as regards enforcement of passenger rights)
Keywords: General Transport, Ticketing, Intermediary

Intermediary means [any/ a] ticket vendor[, or an] organiser or retailer as defined in points (8) and (9) respectively of Article 3 of Directive (EU) 2015/2302 [i.e.‘organiser’ means a trader who combines and sells or offers for sale packages, either directly or through another trader or together with another trader, or the trader who transmits the traveller’s data to another trader in accordance with point (b)(v) of point 2 [purchased from separate traders through linked online booking processes where the traveller’s name, payment details and e-mail address are transmitted from the trader with whom the first contract is concluded to another trader or traders and a contract with the latter trader or traders is concluded at the latest 24 hours after the confirmation of the booking of the first travel service]; ‘retailer’ means a trader other than the organiser who sells or offers for sale packages combined by an organiser], other than a carrier.

Intermodal transport: Source: https://transportgeography.org
Keywords: General Transport, Intermodal

The movement of passengers or freight from an origin to a destination relying on several modes of transportation. Each carrier is issuing its own ticket (passengers) or contract (freight). The movements from one mode of transport to another are commonly taking place at a terminal specifically designed for such a purpose. Intermodal transportation refers to an exchange of passengers or freight between two transportation modes.

International Air Transport Association Standard Schedules Information Manual: Abbreviation: IATA SSIM
Keywords: Air transport, Standardization

The SSIM is the official set of standards, guiding the industry with recommended practices, messaging formats and data processing procedures that are to be used by all IATA member airlines and their business partners for the exchange of airline schedules, communication of airport coordination information and minimum connect time data.

International airport: Source: ICAO glossary
Keywords: Air transport, Infrastructure, International

Any airport designated by an ICAO Contracting State in whose territory it is situated as an airport of entry and departure for international air traffic, where the formalities such as customs, immigration, public health, agricultural quarantine and similar procedures are carried out.

International passenger service: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2012/34/EU (Single European Railway Area)
Keywords: General Transport, International

International passenger service means a passenger service where the train crosses at least one border of a Member State and where the principal purpose of the service is to carry passengers between stations located in different Member States; the train may be joined and/or split, and the different sections may have different origins and destinations, provided that all carriages cross at least one border.

International rail passenger service: Source: Regulation (EU) 2021/782 (Rail Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Rail transport, International

International rail passenger service means a rail passenger service crossing at least one border of a Member State the principal purpose of which is to carry passengers between stations located in different Member States or in a Member State and a third country.

Interoperability: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2010/40/EU (ITS Directive)
Keywords: Systems

Interoperability means the capacity of systems and the underlying business processes to exchange data and share information and knowledge, making the continuity of ITS services possible.

Interoperability: Source: Regulation (EU) 2023/285 (Data Act)
Keywords: Architecture, data

Interoperability means the ability of two or more data spaces or communication networks, systems, connected products, applications, data processing services or components to exchange and use data in order to perform their functions.

Interoperability: Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/1679 (TEN-T Regulation)
Keywords: General Transport, policy

Interoperability means the ability, including in the light of all the regulatory, technical, administrative and operational conditions, of the infrastructure, including digital infrastructure in a transport mode or segment and between different transport modes, to allow safe and uninterrupted traffic and information flows which achieve the required levels of performance for that infrastructure mode or segment.

Interoperability: Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/2803 (Single European Sky)
Keywords: Air Transport

Interoperability means a set of functional, technical and operational properties required of the systems and constituents of the EATMN and of the procedures for its operation, in order to enable its safe, seamless and efficient operation.

Interoperability: Source: ICAO glossary
Keywords: Air transport, Performance, Interoperability

The capability of multiple aviation systems—such as networks, components, and applications—to operate cohesively by exchanging information without restrictions, ensuring that the shared data can be utilized effectively for both technical and operational purposes. This encompasses ongoing management of data quality, format, and availability to optimize information flow within Air Traffic Management systems.

ITS application: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2010/40/EU (ITS Directive)

ITS application means an operational instrument for the application of ITS.

ITS service: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2010/40/EU (ITS Directive)

ITS service means the provision of an ITS application through a well-defined organisational and operational framework with the aim of contributing to user safety, efficiency, sustainable mobility or comfort, or of facilitating or supporting transport and travel operations.

ITS service provider: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2010/40/EU (ITS Directive)

ITS service provider means any provider of an ITS service, whether public or private.

ITS user: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2010/40/EU (ITS Directive)

ITS user means any user of ITS applications or services including travellers, vulnerable road users, road transport infrastructure users and operators, fleet managers and operators of emergency services.

Journey: Source: Regulation (EU) 2021/782 (Rail Passenger Rights)
Keywords: General Transport

Journey means the carriage of a passenger between a station of departure and a station of arrival.

Journey planner (functionality travel companions): Abbreviation: JP Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: Architecture, Planning

A feature that enables end users of a Travel Companion app (travellers) to plan, organise, and optimise their travel routes and itineraries. This functionality typically includes capabilities such as real-time route planning, step-by-step navigation, estimated travel times, and multimodal transportation options. It leverages real-time data and user preferences to provide personalised and efficient travel solutions, enhancing the overall travel experience by minimising delays, improving convenience, and offering alternative routes and modes of transport.

Journey Profile (ATO/C-DAS)): Abbreviation: JP
Source: TSI CCS 2022
Keywords: Rail transport

Large airport: Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: Air transport, Infrastructure, type of service

Large airport is an international and hub airport (with a high percentage of connecting traffic) having more than 10 million passengers.

Leg or flight stage: Source: ICAO glossary
Keywords: Air transport, Operations

Leg (flight stage) is the operation of an aircraft from take-off to its next landing.

Level 1 Delay: Source: EUROCONTROL (2017). Airport CDM Implementation Manual, v4.1; Performance Review Body (PRB), PRU Delay Analysis Report.
Key Words: Minor flight schedule disruption.

A Level 1 delay typically refers to a minor delay, usually less than 15 minutes, that causes limited or no disruption to flight schedules or airport operations. These delays can often be absorbed without requiring changes to departure slots or causing knock-on effects on connecting flights. Examples include brief boarding delays or short aircraft turnaround adjustments.

Level 2 Delay: Source: EUROCONTROL (2017). Airport CDM Implementation Manual, v4.1; Performance Review Body (PRB), PRU Delay Analysis Report.
Key Words: Minor flight delays.

A Level 2 delay indicates a moderate delay, generally ranging from 15 to 60 minutes, which may impact flight connections, require gate reassignments, or necessitate crew schedule adjustments.

Light Rail: Source: UITP; EU TRIMIS; OECD Glossary of Transport
Keywords: Rail transport, vechicles, type of service

Light rail is a form of urban passenger transport using electrically powered rail vehicles operating on segregated or shared tracks. It typically provides higher capacity and speed than trams but lower than metros.

Linked travel arrangement: Source: Directive (EU) 2015/2302 (Package Travel Directive)
Keywords: Ticketing

Linked travel arrangement means at least two different types of travel services purchased for the purpose of the same trip or holiday, not constituting a package, resulting in the conclusion of separate contracts with the individual travel service providers, if a trader facilitates: (a) on the occasion of a single visit or contact with his point of sale, the separate selection and separate payment of each travel service by travellers; or (b) in a targeted manner, the procurement of at least one additional travel service from another trader where a contract with such other trader is concluded at the latest 24 hours after the confirmation of the booking of the first travel service.
Where not more than one type of travel service as referred to in point (a), (b) or (c) of point 1 and one or more tourist services as referred to in point (d) of point 1 are purchased, they do not constitute a linked travel arrangement if the latter services do not account for a significant proportion of the combined value of the services and are not advertised as, and do not otherwise represent, an essential feature of the trip or holiday.

Linking of service: Source: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)
Keywords: General Transport, Multimodality

Linking of service means the connection of local, regional, and national travel information services which are interlinked via technical interfaces to provide routing results or other application programming interfaces (APIs) results based on static, historic, observed and/or dynamic travel and traffic data.

Live data: Source: TechTarget, Microsoft Docs, Gartner
Keywords: Architecture, Disruption, Data

Data that is actively generated and transmitted as events occur, often reflecting the current state of a system but may include slight delays depending on source and network.

Long-distance rail passenger service: Source: Regulation (EU) 2021/782 (Rail Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Rail transport, Operations, Long

Long-distance rail passenger service means a rail passenger service which is not an urban, a suburban or a regional rail passenger service.

Long-haul flight: Source: IATA
Keywords: Air transport, Operations, Long

According to IATA time-based definition, long-haul flights are flights lasting 6 to 16 hours.

Low-Cost Carrier (Low-cost airline): Abbreviation: LCC
Source: ICAO, https://www.anahd.co.jp
Keywords: Air transport, Stakeholders, Low

An air carrier that has a relatively low-cost structure in comparison with other comparable carriers and offers low fares and rates. Such an airline may be independent, the division or subsidiary of a major network airline or, in some instances, the ex-charter arm of an airline group. An airline that provides air transportation services at low fares based on a low-cost system that includes using a single type of aircraft, charging for in-flight services, and simplifying sales. Fundamentally, LCCs operate frequent short- and medium-haul point-to-point flights (flights between two locations).

Macroscopic infrastructure model: Source: Hansen I. A., Pachl J. Railway timetabling and operations, 2014, Eurailpress, Hamburg, Germany, p. 315 Keywords: Rail transport, Planning, content

Node-link-models that contain aggregate information on nodes and links.

Maintenance: Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/1679 (TEN-T Regulation)
Keywords: General Transport, Maintenance

Maintenance means works intended to maintain the condition and capability of existing infrastructure in a way that it provides a level of service suited to the traffic flow and a high level of safety during its lifetime.

Managing body of an airport: Source: Consolidated text: Council Regulation (EEC) No 95/93 (Slots Regulation)
Keywords: Air transport

Managing body of an airport shall mean the body which, in conjunction with other activities or otherwise, has the task under national laws or regulations of administering and managing the airport facilities and coordinating and controlling the activities of the various operators present at the airport or within the airport system concerned.

Master data: Source: System Pillar: CMS_TMS System Concept R2 V1_3
Keywords: Rail transport, data, Master

Master data represents “data about the business entities that provide context for business transactions”.

Medium-haul flights: Source: IATA
Keywords: Air transport, Operations, Medium

According to IATA time-based definition, medium-haul flights are flights lasting 3 to 6 hours.

Mesoscopic infrastructure model: Source: Hansen I. A., Pachl J. Railway timetabling and operations, 2014, Eurailpress, Hamburg, Germany p. 315
Keywords: Rail transport, Planning, content

Node-link-models as syntheses of microscopic and macroscopic infrastructure models. Signal blocks and headways are modelled only in stations and interlocking areas, not on links.

Metadata: Source: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)
Keywords: Architecture, data

Metadata means a structured description of the contents of the data facilitating the discovery and use of the data.

Metadata: Source: Regulation (EU) 2023/285 (Data Act)
Keywords: Architecture, data

Metadata means a structured description of the contents or the use of data facilitating the discovery or use of that data.

Metro Service Provider: Source: FP1 motional
Keywords: Rail transport, Stakeholders

Specific Transport Service Provider that provides metro services and means of transports.

Microscopic infrastructure model: Source: Hansen I. A., Pachl J. Railway timetabling and operations, 2014, Eurailpress, Hamburg, Germany, p. 316
Keywords: Rail transport, Planning, Content

Node link models that contain, depending on their purpose, the highest possible level of detail on nodes and links.

Minimum Connection Time: Abbreviation: MCT
Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: General Transport, Planning, Multimodal

The minimum amount of time required to safely transfer between the train arrival and flight departure, considering the time needed for activities such as disembarking from the train, transit between terminals, security checks, and boarding procedures.

Missed connection: Source: Regulation (EU) 2021/782 (Rail Passenger Rights)
Keywords: General Transport, Disruption, Ticketing

Missed connection means a situation where a passenger misses one or more services in the course of a rail journey, sold in the form of a through-ticket, as a result of the delay or cancellation of one or more previous services, or of the departure of a service before the scheduled departure time.

Missed connection during a multimodal journey: Source: COM/2023/752 final (Proposal for a Regulation on passenger rights in the context of multimodal journeys)
Keywords: General Transport, Disruption

Missed connection during a multimodal journey means a situation where a passenger misses one or more transport services in the course of a multimodal journey, as a result of the delay or cancellation of one or more previous transport services, or of the departure of a transport service before the scheduled departure time.

Mobility: Source: UITP, OECD, Transport Research Board
Keywords: General Transport

The ability and ease of moving people or goods from one place to another using various modes, often including access, flexibility, and choices in movement.

Mobility Account: Source: Connected to ACCOUNT PROVIDER in TRANSMODEL. https://www.transmodel-cen.eu
Connected to ISO/TR 21724
Connected to OSDM Travel Account
Keywords: Ground transport, ticketing, Mobility

Online account supporting travel services pre and post paid, frequently used in multi-modality.

Mobility Account Provider: Source: Connected to ACCOUNT PROVIDER in TRANSMODEL. https://www.transmodel-cen.eu
Keywords: Ground transport, Stakeholders, Mobility

Derivation from retailer. Business participant owning the Mobility Account.

Mobility as a Service: Abbreviation: MaaS Source: UITP, MaaS Alliance
Keywords: General Transport, Multimodality
An integrated transport service that enables users to plan, book, and pay for multiple types of mobility services via a single digital channel.

Mobility as a Service Platform: Source: UITP. Mobility as a Service; International Association of Public Transport: Brussels, Belgium, 2019. https://cms.uitp.org
Keywords: General Transport, Architecture, Mobility

A MaaS platform is a technical platform providing Mobility as a Service (MaaS).
MaaS is the integration of, and access to, different transport services (such as public transport, ride-sharing, car-sharing, bike-sharing, scooter-sharing, taxi, car rental, ride-hailing and so on) in one single digital mobility offer, with active mobility and an efficient public transport system as its basis. This tailor-made service suggests the most suitable solutions based on the user’s travel needs. MaaS is available anytime and offers integrated planning, booking and payment, as well as en route information to provide easy mobility and enable life without having to own a car.

Mobility demand: Source: ISO/TR 4447
Keywords: General Transport

The mobility demand covers the users of the mobility service and their needs, choices and preferences. The following are described as being part of the demand side:
— all travellers, including pedestrians, riders, drivers and cyclists, where the traveller could be of any age, with or without disabilities, etc.;
— time of use of the transport service (e.g. ride, drive, delivery) which can affect the transport means to be used, e.g. availability and frequency of a delivery service;
— origin, i.e. destination request defining the location of the mobility service which affects the route, mode and means choice;
— mode and means demand based on occupancy, size or type of vehicle;
— user needs and preferences concerning how the mobility service is recommended to take place, for example, travelling alone, travelling together with other (public transport, shared rides), comfort requirements, e.g. always a seat or a limited occupancy, inclusion or exclusion of specific transport modes and means etc.

Mobility package: Source: Typical reference. https://maas-alliance.eu
Keywords: Ticketing

Set of mobility services that can be purchased as a whole by travellers. Widely used in MaaS.

Mobility package: Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: Ticketing

A mobility package is a comprehensive ticket contract that allows a traveller to seamlessly navigate through different transport networks by carrying out a single payment for the entire journey. This package is facilitated by a sophisticated ticketing system that integrates both software and hardware components to ensure smooth operations and user experience.

Mobility service: Source: ISO/TR 7878
Keywords: General Transport

A mobility service is the integration of, and access to, different transport services that are integrated into a single mobility service representing the best value proposition for the user and being accessible anytime on demand.

Monorail: Source: UITP; IEEE Intelligent Transport Systems; Alweg Systems
Keywords: Rail Transport, vechicles

A monorail is a railway system in which the track consists of a single rail, typically elevated, and trains are either straddling or suspended from the rail. It is used in urban or theme park environments for medium-capacity transport.

Multi-agent ticket: Keywords: Ticketing

A multi-agent ticket in transport refers to a travel document or digital credential that enables a passenger to use services provided by multiple transport operators or service providers within a single journey or travel itinerary. It typically includes details of all participating transport modes (e.g., air, rail, bus, maritime) and the respective segments, allowing seamless transitions across providers without the need for separate tickets for each segment.
A multi-agent ticket enables seamless travel by combining services across different modes of transport and operators into one cohesive ticket. It offers interoperability, integrating various transport modes such as air, rail, bus, and maritime services to streamline travel planning. With integrated pricing, it provides passengers with a unified fare structure, often including discounts or special rates for multimodal journeys. By simplifying journey management, it reduces the complexity of coordinating travel, allowing passengers to rely on a single ticket for multiple legs of their trip. The framework relies heavily on data-sharing agreements between operators to facilitate booking, validation, and disruption management, ensuring a seamless and user-friendly experience.

Multimodal chain in air transport: Source: https://doi.org
Keywords: Air transport, Type of service

A door-to-door journey for an air passenger represents an multimodal chain consisting of the following stages: access to the airport via different surface transport modes or systems, the airport and non-airport activities at the terminal(s) before the flight, the airline flight, the activities at the airport terminal(s) after the flight and egress from the airport to the final destination via different surface transport modes or systems.

Multimodal Digital Mobility Service: Abbreviation: MDMS
Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2010/40/EU (ITS Directive); also referred to in the TEN-T Regulation)
Keywords: Multimodality, policy

Multimodal digital mobility service means a service providing information on traffic and travel data, such as the location of transport facilities, schedules, availability or fares for more than one transport mode, which may include features enabling the making of reservations, bookings or payments, or the issuing of tickets.

Multimodal integration: Source: Multimodal Transport Document: Seamlessly Integrating Modes of Transport – FasterCapital
Keywords: Multimodality

Refers to the seamless connection and coordination of various modes of transport (e.g., trains, buses, taxis, bikes, and shared vehicles) to provide travelers with a unified, efficient, and flexible journey experience.
It involves integrating different transport options within a single system or platform, enabling users to plan, book, and pay for their entire journey across multiple transport modes without unnecessary friction.

Multimodal journey: Source: COM/2023/752 final (Proposal for a Regulation on passenger rights in the context of multimodal journeys)
Keywords: Multimodality

Multimodal journey means a journey of a passenger between a point of departure and a final destination covering at least two transport services and at least two modes of transport.

Multimodal passenger hub: Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/1679 (TEN-T Regulation)
Keywords: Multimodality

Multimodal passenger hub means a connection point between at least two transport modes for passengers, where travel information, access to public transport and transfers between modes are ensured, such as park-and-ride stations, and which acts as an interface within and between urban nodes and between urban nodes and longer-distance transport networks.

Multimodal transport: Source: https://treaties.un.org
Keywords: General Transport, Type of service

Multimodal transport (also known as combined transport) is the transportation of goods under a single contract, but performed with at least two different modes of transport.

Multimodal transport: Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/1679 (TEN-T Regulation)
Keywords: Multimodality

Multimodal transport means the carriage of passengers or freight, or both, using two or more modes of transport.

Multimodal travel information: Source: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)
Keywords: Multimodality, data

Multimodal travel information means information derived from any static, historic, observed or dynamic travel and traffic data, or any combination thereof, for end users, provided through any communication means, covering at least two modes of transport and allowing the possibility to compare transport modes.

Municipal Independent Operators: Source: FP1 motional
Keywords: Ground Transport, Stakeholders, Municipal

Business participant (private) managing public transit services with a municipality scope (eg. Shuttle services, local minibuses etc.).

National Access Point: Abbreviation: NAP
Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2010/40/EU (ITS Directive)
Keywords: Multimodality, data, policy

National access point or NAP means a digital interface set up by a Member State that constitutes a single point of access to data, as defined in specifications referred to in Article 6 [of the ITS Directive].

Network: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2012/34/EU (Single European Railway Area)
Keywords: Rail transport

Network means the entire railway infrastructure managed by an infrastructure manager.

Network Manager: Keywords: Air transport, Stakeholders, Network

Network Manager: Abbreviation: NM
Source: Regulation (EU) No 677/2011; Eurocontrol Network Strategy Plan; SESAR Joint Undertaking (2022)
Keywords: Air transport, Stakeholders, policy

The Network Manager is the entity designated by the European Commission to optimize the performance of the European air traffic management (ATM) network. It coordinates and manages network functions such as airspace design, flow management, and crisis coordination.

Network statement: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2012/34/EU (Single European Railway Area)

Network statement means the statement which sets out in detail the general rules, deadlines, procedures and criteria for charging and capacity-allocation schemes, including such other information as is required to enable applications for infrastructure capacity.

Network Timetable Exchange: Abbreviation: NeTEX
Source: https://netex-cen.eu/
Keywords: Ground Transport, Standardization, Network

NeTEx is a CEN Technical Standard for exchanging Public Transport schedules and related data. It is divided into three parts, each covering a functional subset of the CEN Transmodel for Public Transport Information.

Night train: Source: According to the members of the UIC Night Train Working Group (NTWG)
Keywords: Rail transport, Vehicles, Night

A Night Train is a passenger train equipped with sleeping accommodation. Therefore, part or all of the rolling stock should be dedicated to overnight travel, specifically including couchette or sleeper carriage.

Nominal Situation: Source: ICAO (2013). Manual on Air Traffic Management Operations.
Keywords: Air transport

A normal operating condition where systems function as intended, and no disruptions, faults, or abnormal events occur.

Non Nominal Situation: Source: EUROCONTROL (2019). Guidelines on Disruption Management.
Keywords: Air transport, Disruption

An abnormal or exceptional condition in which one or more disruptions, faults, or emergencies occur, requiring corrective actions or interventions.

Non-personal data: Source: Regulation (EU) 2023/285 (Data Act); also referred to in the AI Act

Non-personal data means data other than personal data.

Non-scheduled revenue flights (excluding on-demand flights): Charter flights and special flights performed for remuneration other than those reported under scheduled flights. They include any items related to blocked-off charters and exclude air taxi, commercial business aviation or other on demand revenue flights

Observed data: Source: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)

Observed data means operational data related to travel and traffic, such as the length of and reason for delays and cancellations, resulting from and collected during service operations.

Occasional services: Source: Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 (Bus & Coach Passenger Rights)

Occasional services means services which do not fall within the definition of regular services and the main characteristic of which is the carriage by bus or coach of groups of passengers constituted on the initiative of the customer or the carrier himself.

Open API for distributed journey planning: Abbreviation: OJP
Source: Transmodel CEN/TS 17118:2017
Keywords: Ground Transport, Architecture, Content

The Open API for distributed Journey Planninge (OJP) is a protocol standardised by CEN to enable cross-system journey planning and access to various other services commonly offered by Journey Planning systems.

Open Data: Keywords: Data, Open

Open Sales and Distribution Model: Abbreviation: OSDM
Source: www.osdm.io
Keywords: Standardization, Ticketing, Architecture

OSDM (Open Sales and Distribution Model) defines an API to enable and simplify the sale of transport products. The API allows Retailers to access transport products provided by distributors. It also allows distributors to access transport product bricks provided by carriers or fare providers to build combined transport products. The aim of OSDM is to provide a simple API to access required information online, however OSDM also provides an offline data exchange of fares.

OSDM covers scheduled multimodal transport services (trains, busses, trams, …). The API covers the full sales process including time table / offer search, prebooking and booking, refund,
exchange including special processes to handle delays, change of material and compensation.

Operating air carrier: Source: Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 (Air Passenger Rights) & Regulation (EC) No 1107/2006 (PRM-APR)

Operating air carrier means an air carrier that performs or intends to perform a flight under a contract with a passenger or on behalf of another person, legal or natural, having a contract with that passenger.

Operating licence: Source: Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008 (Air Services Regulation)

Operating licence means an authorisation granted by the competent licensing authority to an undertaking, permitting it to provide air services as stated in the operating licence.

Operating state: Source: System Pillar: CMS_TMS System Concept R2 V1_3
Keywords: Rail transport, Operating

The operating state describes the current state of production:
• how trains move
• where trains are
• which route is set in control system
• status of assets
This information is based on inputs from control systems.

Operation Control Centre Operator: Abbreviation: OCC
Source: https://www.thalesgroup.com
Keywords: Rail transport, Architecture, Human Role

Person who is responsible for monitoring and controlling the systems and processes within the Operation Control Centre (OCC). The operator’s role may include tasks such as:
– Monitoring the status of equipment, systems, and processes in real-time.
– Responding to alerts and alarms generated by the monitoring systems.
– Coordinating and managing traffic.
– Troubleshooting issues and resolving problems that arise.
– Communicating with other operators, technicians, and stakeholders to coordinate activities and resolve issues.
– Following established procedures and protocols to ensure the safe and efficient operation of the control centre.

Operational Plan: Source: System Pillar: CMS_TMS System Concept R2 V1_3

Analogous to the capacity plan, the operational plan supplies the train and traffic control and all other components with the operational train data. The operational plan is fed from the active timetable buffer and contains all trains (from the timetable buffer) that are currently in their operational time window. The operational plan is the result of various influences (decisions from dispatching, map data, etc.). It is updated every single minute.

Operational Planning: Source: EUROCONTROL, 2023
Keywords: Air transport, planning

The short- to medium-term process of preparing air traffic and airport resources based on scheduled flights and expected disruptions.

Operational Planning: Source: ERA, In2Rail
Keywords: Rail transport, planning

The process of planning train paths, rolling stock, and crew resources based on the working timetable and maintenance windows.

Organiser: Source: Directive (EU) 2015/2302 (Package Travel Directive)

Organiser means a trader who combines and sells or offers for sale packages, either directly or through another trader or together with another trader, or the trader who transmits the traveller’s data to another trader in accordance with point (b)(v) of point 2 [i.e., purchased from separate traders through linked online booking processes where the traveller’s name, payment details and e-mail address are transmitted from the trader with whom the first contract is concluded to another trader or traders and a contract with the latter trader or traders is concluded at the latest 24 hours after the confirmation of the booking of the first travel service].

Package: Source: Directive (EU) 2015/2302 (Package Travel Directive)

Package means a combination of at least two different types of travel services for the purpose of the same trip or holiday, if: (a) those services are combined by one trader, including at the request of or in accordance with the selection of the traveller, before a single contract on all services is concluded; or (b) irrespective of whether separate contracts are concluded with individual travel service providers, those services are: (i) purchased from a single point of sale and those services have been selected before the traveller agrees to pay, (ii) offered, sold or charged at an inclusive or total price, (iii) advertised or sold under the term ‘package’ or under a similar term, (iv) combined after the conclusion of a contract by which a trader entitles the traveller to choose among a selection of different types of travel services, or (v) purchased from separate traders through linked online booking processes where the traveller’s name, payment details and e-mail address are transmitted from the trader with whom the first contract is concluded to another trader or traders and a contract with the latter trader or traders is concluded at the latest 24 hours after the confirmation of the booking of the first travel service.
A combination of travel services where not more than one type of travel service as referred to in point (a), (b) or (c) of point 1 is combined with one or more tourist services as referred to in point (d) of point 1 is not a package if the latter services: (a) do not account for a significant proportion of the value of the combination and are not advertised as and do not otherwise represent an essential feature of the combination; or (b) are selected and purchased only after the performance of a travel service as referred to in point (a), (b) or (c) of point 1 has started.

Package travel contract: Source: Directive (EU) 2015/2302 (Package Travel Directive)

Package travel contract means a contract on the package as a whole or, if the package is provided under separate contracts, all contracts covering travel services included in the package.

Passenger experience: Abbreviation: PAX
Source: SIGN-AIR project

It encompasses the entire door-to-door journey that a traveller undergoes from the moment they start planning their trip until they reach their destination. It involves every touchpoint and interaction a passenger has with an airline or transportation company, including pre-flight, in-flight, and post-flight experiences.

Pay-as-you-go model: Contrary to ‘pre-paid’ model, you only pay for the travels you make

Performing carrier (bus & coach): Source: Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 (Bus & Coach Passenger Rights)

Performing carrier means a natural or legal person other than the carrier, who actually performs the carriage wholly or partially.

Performing carrier (waterborne): Source: Regulation (EU) No 1177/2010 (Waterborne Passenger Rights)

Performing carrier means a person, other than the carrier, who actually performs the carriage wholly or partially.

Permission: Source: Regulation (EU) 2022/868 (Data Governance Act)Source: Regulation (EU) 2022/868 (Data Governance Act)

Permission means giving data users the right to the processing of non-personal data.

Person with reduced mobility (see also: Disabled person/ person with disabilities): Abbreviation: PRM
Source: Regulation (EC) No 1107/2006 (PRM-APR); Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 (Bus & Coach Passenger Rights); Regulation (EU) No 1177/2010 (Waterborne Passenger Rights); Regulation (EC) 261/2004 (Air Passenger Rights)

Disabled person or person with reduced mobility means any person whose mobility when using transport is reduced [as a result of/ due to/ because of] any physical disability (sensory or locomotory, permanent or temporary), intellectual [disability or] impairment, or any other cause of disability, or [as a result of] age, and whose situation needs appropriate attention and adaptation to [his, his or her, the person’s] [particular] needs of the services made available to all passengers.

Person with reduced mobility (see also: Disabled person/ person with disabilities): Abbreviation: PRM
Source: Regulation (EU) 2021/782 (Rail Passenger Rights); COM/2023/752 final (Proposal for a Regulation on passenger rights in the context of multimodal journeys)

Person with disabilities and person with reduced mobility mean any person who has a permanent or temporary physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment which, in interaction with various barriers, may hinder his or her full and effective use of transport on an equal basis with other passengers or whose mobility when using transport is reduced due to age.

Person with reduced mobility (see also: Disabled person/ person with disabilities): Abbreviation: PRM
Source: TSI PRM
Keywords: Passenger archetype, Person

Any person who has a permanent or temporary physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment which, in interaction with various barriers, may hinder his or her full and effective use of transport on an equal basis with other passengers or whose mobility when using transport is reduced due to age.

Personal data: Source: Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR); also referred to in the Data Act, Data Governance Act, AI Act, eIDAS Regulation, Consumer Rights Directive

Personal data means any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (‘data subject’); an identifiable natural person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier or to one or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity of that natural person.

Platform: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2010/40/EU (ITS Directive)
Keywords: Rail transport, Platform

Platform means an on-board or off-board unit enabling the deployment, provision, exploitation and integration of ITS applications and services.

Platform (web): Keywords: Architecture, Platform

An online software environment hosted on web infrastructure (servers and cloud systems) that delivers services, applications, or content through a web browser. It enables user interaction, data exchange, and system integration, often via APIs, user dashboards, or data visualisation tools.

Pre Tactical: Keywords: Air Transport, Planning, Pre

Adjustments based on forecasted demand, weather, and resource availability. ATFCM refines slot allocations, reroutes traffic if needed, and coordinates with airport operators to optimize ground handling capacity. (3-7 Days)

Principal display: Source: Regulation (EC) No 80/2009 (CRS CoC)
Keywords: Law & Regulation, Data, Principal

Principal display means a comprehensive neutral display of data concerning transport services between city-pairs, within a specified time period.

Processing (non-personal data): Source: Regulation (EU) 2018/1807 (Free flow of non-personal data); also referred to in the Data Governance Act
Keywords: Law & Regulation, Data, Processing

Processing means any operation or set of operations which is performed on data or on sets of data in electronic format, whether or not by automated means, such as collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure or destruction.

Processing (personal data): Source: Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR); also referred to in the Data Governance Act
Keywords: Law & Regulation, Data, Processing

Processing means any operation or set of operations which is performed on data or on sets of personal data, whether or not by automated means, such as collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure or destruction.

Profiling: Source: Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR); also referred to in the Data Act, AI Act
Keywords: Law & Regulation, Data, Profiling

Profiling means any form of automated processing of personal data consisting of the use of personal data to evaluate certain personal aspects relating to a natural person, in particular to analyse or predict aspects concerning that natural person’s performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences, interests, reliability, behaviour, location or movements.

Pseudonymisation: Source: Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR)
Keywords: Law & Regulation, data, Pseudonymisation

Pseudonymisation means the processing of personal data in such a manner that the personal data can no longer be attributed to a specific data subject without the use of additional information, provided that such additional information is kept separately and is subject to technical and organisational measures to ensure that the personal data are not attributed to an identified or identifiable natural person.

Public transport: Abbreviation: PT
Source: Definition based on a definition as agreed between UITP, ISO and CEN working groups in Public Transport and MaaS (mobility-as-a-service) and adapted in the CEN 12896 Transmodel reference standard that is now under construction for a new release
Keywords: Ground transport, Public

A transport service, scheduled or on-demand that is publicly accessible and advertised, enabling a person to either move or to be moved from an origin to a destination, based on the use of publicly accessible transport means for collective, shared, and individual use.
NOTE 1: Publicly accessible bus, tram, metro, train, and ferry are examples on transport means for collective use
NOTE 2: Publicly accessible shared cars, shared bikes, shared electric scooters are examples of transport means for shared and individual use.

Rail Administrator / Infrastructure Manager: Abbreviation: IM Source: EU Directive 2007/59
Keywords: Rail Transport, Stakeholders, Infrastructure

Body or firm responsible in particular for establishing, managing and maintaining railway infrastructure, including traffic management and control-command and signalling». In addition, the management of royalties.

Rail Transport: Source: OECD Glossary of Transport, ITF
Keywords: Rail Transport

The movement of passengers and freight by trains operating on railways, involving the use of locomotives and carriages on fixed tracks.

Rail Transportation Systems: Abbreviation: RTS
Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: Rail transport

Rail Transportation Systems (RTS) encompass the infrastructure, vehicles, technologies, and operational processes involved in the provision of rail-based transport services. This includes urban metro systems, regional and intercity rail services, high-speed rail networks, and freight rail operations.
Key Components:
● Infrastructure: Rail tracks, stations, signalling systems, and maintenance facilities that support the operation of rail services.
● Rolling Stock: The vehicles used in rail transport, including locomotives, passenger cars, and freight wagons.
● Operational Management: Scheduling, dispatching, and control systems that ensure the safe and efficient movement of trains.
● Technological Systems: Advanced technologies such as automated train control, real-time passenger information systems, and predictive maintenance tools.
Timeframes:
● Planning Horizon: Involves long-term planning, typically spanning several years, to ensure infrastructure and capacity meet future demand.
● Operational Horizon: Focuses on short-term scheduling and real-time management, typically covering days to weeks, to optimise the daily operation of rail services.
● Tactical Horizon: Bridges the gap between planning and operational horizons, covering a period of weeks to months, to align medium-term operational strategies with long-term goals.

Rail-Collaborative Decision Making: Abbreviation: R-CDM
Source: RNE Rhine Alpine Corridor
Keywords: Rail Transport, Decision making, Rail

Rail-Collaborative Decision Making to share operational information between actors. To send time stamps about process progress departure, train run and arrival. Concept is from airports and have now been adopted to ports and rail.

Railway: Source: International Union of Railways (UIC), UITP
Keywords: Rail Transport

A system comprising tracks, infrastructure, stations, rolling stock, signaling, and operational management used for train-based transportation.

Railway Service Provider: Source: Specific transport service provider (see Transport Service Provider term)
Keywords: Rail Transport, Stakeholders, Operations

Specific Transport Service Provider that provides railway services and means of transports.

Railway undertaking: Abbreviation: RU
Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2012/34/EU (Single European Railway Area); also referred to in the Rail Passenger Rights Regulation, and Glossary – EIM
Keywords: Rail transport, Stakeholders, policy

Railway undertaking means any public or private undertaking licensed according to this Directive [i.e., the Single European Railway Area Directive], the principal business of which is to provide services for the transport of goods and/or passengers by rail with a requirement that the undertaking ensure traction; this also includes undertakings which provide traction only.

Ranking: Source: Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 (P2B Regulation)
Keywords: Data

Ranking means the relative prominence given to the goods or services offered through online intermediation services, or the relevance given to search results by online search engines, as presented, organised or communicated by the providers of online intermediation services or by providers of online search engines, respectively, irrespective of the technological means used for such presentation, organisation or communication.

Re-use: Source: Regulation (EU) 2022/868 (Data Governance Act)

Re-use means the use by natural or legal persons of data held by public sector bodies, for commercial or non-commercial purposes other than the initial purpose within the public task for which the data were produced, except for the exchange of data between public sector bodies purely in pursuit of their public tasks.

Reaccomodation: Source: EU Regulation 261/2004
Keywords: Passenger rights, Reaccomodation

Re-accommodation refers to the broader process of providing alternative travel or service options to a passenger when the originally booked service is no longer available, often including different departure times, destinations, or even refunds. Source: EU Regulation 261/2004 Keywords: Passenger rights, Reaccomodation

Readily available data: Source: Regulation (EU) 2023/285 (Data Act)

Readily available data means product data and related service data that a data holder lawfully obtains or can lawfully obtain from the connected product or related service, without disproportionate effort going beyond a simple operation.

Real time: Source: https://eur-lex.europa.eu
Keywords: Rail transport, Real

The ability to exchange or process information on specified events (such as arrival at a station, passing a station or departure from a station) on the trains journey as they occur.

Real time data: Source: IEEE, Gartner, Cambridge Dictionary
Keywords: Architecture, Data

Data that is collected, processed, and delivered immediately or within a very short time frame, enabling systems to react or update dynamically with minimal latency.

Reasonable profit: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2012/34/EU (Single European Railway Area)
Keywords: General Transport

Reasonable profit means a rate of return on own capital that takes account of the risk, including that to revenue, or the absence of such risk, incurred by the operator of the service facility and is in line with the average rate for the sector concerned in recent years.

Regional airport: Source: ACI EUROPE
Keywords: Air transport, Infrastructure, Regional

An airport should be considered as regional if it:
• Primarily serves short and medium range routes and
• Primarily serves point-to-point destinations

Regional airport: Source: ICAO, doc 9626, ACI Europe
Keywords: Air transport, Infrastructure, Regional

Regional airport generally refers to an airport of medium or small city that is mainly served by short-haul regional services. An airport should be considered as regional if it: primarily serves short and medium range routes and primarily serves point-to-point destinations.

Regional services (Regional rail passenger service): Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2012/34/EU of (Single European Railway Area); also referred to in the Rail Passenger Rights Regulation
Keywords: Rail transport, service type

Regional services means transport services whose principal purpose is to meet the transport needs of a region, including a cross-border region.

Regional train: Source: ERA; National Rail Operators (e.g., Deutsche Bahn, Trenitalia)
Keywords: Rail transport, vechicles

A regional train provides medium-distance passenger services, typically connecting cities, towns, and rural areas within a region, with frequent stops.

Regular services: Source: Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 (Bus & Coach Passenger Rights)
Keywords: General Transport, Service type

Regular services means services which provide for the carriage of passengers by bus or coach at specified intervals along specified routes, passengers being picked up and set down at predetermined stopping points.

Regulatory body: Source: Glossary – EIM (eimrail.org)
Keywords: Rail transport, policy, Regulatory

A body established by Member States responsible for monitoring competition in the railway market and to which an applicant has the right to appeal in cases where it believes it has been unfairly treated, discriminated against or is any other way aggrieved, in particular against decisions adopted by an infrastructure manager or where appropriate a railway undertaking.

Repatriation: Source: Directive (EU) 2015/2302 (Package Travel Directive)
Keywords: General Transport, Service type

Repatriation means the traveller’s return to the place of departure or to another place the contracting parties agree upon.

Rerouting (air passenger): Source: IATA passenger glossary
Keywords: Air transport, passenger rights, Reaccomodation

With respect to a passenger, a change of route, fare, carrier, type of aircraft, class of service, flight or validity from that originally provided in the appropriate transportation document.

Rerouting (flight): Source: FAA
Keywords: Air transport, Operations, Rerouting

Reroutes are ATC (Air Traffic Control) routings other than the filed flight plan.

Reservation (air PRM): Source: Regulation (EC) No 1107/2006 (PRM-APR)
Keywords: Air transport, Ticketing, booking

Reservation means the fact that the passenger has a ticket, or other proof, which indicates that the reservation has been accepted and registered by the air carrier or tour operator.

Reservation (air): Source: Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 (Air Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Air transport, Ticketing, booking

Reservation means the fact that the passenger has a ticket, or other proof, which indicates that the reservation or other proof, which indicates that the reservation has been accepted and registered by the air carrier or tour operator.

Reservation (bus & coach): Source: Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 (Bus & Coach Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Ground transport, Ticketing, booking

Reservation means a booking of a seat on board a bus or coach for a regular service at a specific departure time.

Reservation (rail): Source: Regulation (EU) 2021/782 (Rail Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Rail transport, Ticketing, booking

Reservation means an authorisation, on paper or in electronic form, giving entitlement to transportation subject to previously confirmed personalised transport arrangements.

Reservation (waterborne): Source: Regulation (EU) No 1177/2010 (Waterborne Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Maritime Transport, Ticketing, booking

Reservation means a booking of a specific departure of a passenger service or a cruise.

Response capacity: Source: Rinaldi, S.M., Peerenboom, J.P., & Kelly, T.K. (2001). Critical infrastructure interdependenci
Keywords: General Transport, Disruption

It refers to the ability of a transportation network to quickly and effectively react to disruptions, disturbances, or crises, minimizing impacts on service continuity, safety, and passenger satisfaction. This capacity is determined by the coordination between stakeholders, the availability of resources, and the deployment of mitigation strategies.
Key elements of response capacity include:
-Detection and Communication: The speed and accuracy with which a disruption is identified and communicated to the necessary actors (e.g., airlines, rail operators, emergency services).
-Resource Allocation: The availability of human, technical, and infrastructural resources to respond effectively to disruptions.
-Real-Time Decision-Making: The ability to make timely, informed decisions to mitigate the immediate effects of disruptions (e.g., rerouting, adjusting schedules, and managing passengers).
-Stakeholder Coordination: In multimodal systems, response capacity involves collaborative decision-making among stakeholders such as airports, airlines, rail operators, and emergency teams.

Responsibility sharing: Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: Law & Regulation, Disruption, ticketing

An agreement clause that defines how contractual parties share obligations and liabilities during unexpected disruptions.

Retailer: Source: OSDM IRS-90918-10 Leaflet

A retailer is an organization selling the products of Transport service provider(s) using the services of distributors. A TSP can play the role of a retailer in connection with both its own products and those of a partner TSP by whom it is licensed.

Revenue Settlement: Source: Typically addresses in ISO 24014
Keywords: Law & Regulation, Ticketing, Revenue

Revenue distribution. In interoperable mobility platforms, the distribution of the revenue between operators.

Revenue Sharing: Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: Law & Regulation, Ticketing, Revenue

A contractual model where multiple stakeholders agree on how to distribute income generated from joint services or sales.

Route: Source: https://eur-lex.europa.eu
Keywords: General Transport, planning, Route

The particular section or sections of line.

Routing result: Source: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)
Keywords: General Transport, planning, Routing

Routing result means the travel itinerary in a digital machine-readable format resulting from an end users’ journey request with reference to the handover point or points used.

Scheduled air service: Source: Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008 (Air Services Regulation); also referred to in the CRS CoC

Scheduled air service means a series of flights possessing all the following characteristics:
a) on each flight seats and/or capacity to transport cargo and/or mail are available for individual purchase by the public (either directly from the air carrier or from its authorised agents);
b) it is operated so as to serve traffic between the same two or more airports, either:
– according to a published timetable, or
– with flights so regular or frequent that they constitute a recognisably systematic series.

Scheduled air service: Source: IATA passenger glossary
Keywords: Air transport, Scheduled

A series of flights possessing the following characteristics: (a) performed by aircraft for the transport of passengers and/or cargo for remuneration, in such a manner that its services are available, directly or indirectly, to the general public; and b) operated so as to service traffic between the same two or more points, either: (i) according to a published timetable, or (ii) with flights so regular or frequent that they constitute a recognizably systematic series.

Scheduled stop: Planned stop for commercial or operational reasons. Source: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32019R0773 Keywords: Ground Transport, Scheduled

Scheduled transport: Source: European Commission, Regulation (EU) 1008/2008
Keywords: General Transport, Planning, Scheduled

Scheduled transport refers to transport services that operate according to a published timetable, with fixed departure and arrival times, regardless of the number of passengers.

Schedules facilitated airport: Source: Consolidated text: Council Regulation (EEC) No 95/93 (Slots Regulation)

Schedules facilitated airport shall mean an airport where there is potential for congestion at some periods of the day, week or year which is amenable to resolution by voluntary cooperation between air carriers and where a schedules facilitator has been appointed to facilitate the operations of air carriers operating services or intending to operate services at that airport.

Seaplane: Source: ICAO; FAA; Transport Canada

A seaplane is a powered fixed-wing aircraft designed to take off from and land on water, used for passenger or cargo transport in coastal and island regions.

Season ticket (see also: Travel pass): Source: Regulation (EU) 2021/782 (Rail Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Public Transport, Ticketing, Season

Travel pass or season ticket means a ticket for an unlimited number of journeys which provides the authorised holder with rail travel on a particular route or network during a specified period.

Segment: Source: IATA passenger glossary
Keywords: Air transport, General transport, Segment

The operation between board point and any subsequent off point within the same flight. A flight segment can include one or more legs operated by a single aircraft with the same flight designator.

Segment Profile (ATO/C-DAS): Abbreviation: SP
Source: TSI CCS 2022

In ATO and C-DAS systems, a Segment Profile defines the operational constraints and performance targets (e.g., speed limits, energy targets) for a train on a given segment of the route, based on infrastructure, timetable, and operational goals.

Self Connecting passenger: Source: IATA Think Papers, EU passenger rights
Keywords: Passenger archetype, Ticketing

A passenger who books separate tickets for connecting flights, typically with different airlines or through different platforms, and is responsible for managing their own baggage and transfer between flights.

Sensitive Personal Data: Source: GDPR, Article 9
Keywords: Law & Regulation, GDPR, data

Personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious beliefs, trade union membership, or concerning health, sex life or sexual orientation.

Separate multimodal tickets: Source: COM/2023/752 final (Proposal for a Regulation on passenger rights in the context of multimodal journeys)
Keywords: Ticketing

Separate multimodal tickets mean tickets for a multimodal journey representing separate transport contracts which are offered together by a carrier or intermediary, and which are purchased by means of separate payments by the passenger.

Separate multimodal tickets: Source: COM/2023/752 final (Proposal for a Regulation on passenger rights in the context of multimodal journeys)
Keywords: Ticketing

Separate multimodal tickets mean tickets for a multimodal journey representing separate transport contracts which are offered together by a carrier or intermediary, and which are purchased by means of separate payments by the passenger.

Service Provider: Abbreviation: SP
Source: CEN ISO-24014, ERA TAP
Keywords: General Transport, Stakeholders, Service

Role of an organization offering service(s), especially but not exclusively to transportation.

SESAR project: Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/2803 (Single European Sky); also referred to in the TEN-T Regulation
Keywords: Air transport

SESAR project means the project to modernise air traffic management in Europe, aimed at providing the Union with a high performance, standardised and interoperable air traffic management infrastructure, and consisting in an innovation cycle that includes the SESAR definition phase, the SESAR development phase and the SESAR deployment phase.

SESAR solution: Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/2803 (Single European Sky)
Keywords: Air transport

SESAR solution means a deployable output of the SESAR development phase introducing new or improved standardised and interoperable operational procedures or technologies.

Short-haul flights: Source: IATA
Keywords: Air transport, Operations

Flights lasting up to 3 hours.

Single multimodal contract: Source: COM/2023/752 final (Proposal for a Regulation on passenger rights in the context of multimodal journeys)
Keywords: Ticketing

Single multimodal contract means a transport contract for a multimodal journey containing successive transport services operated by one or more carriers.

Single ticket: Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: Ticketing

A single ticket is a comprehensive ticket contract representing a ‘single multimodal contract’ for a journey that includes successive transport services operated by one or more carriers. This contract is designed to provide passengers with a unified travel experience, ensuring protection in case of disruptions.

Situation: Source: FP1 motional
Keywords: General Transport

A set of circumstances that characterize the behavior of multimodal mobility at a specific moment.

Situational Awarness: Abbreviation: SA
Source: Endsley, M. R. (1995). Toward a theory of situational awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors.
Keywords: General Transport

The perception and understanding of environmental elements and events with respect to time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future.

Slot: Source: Consolidated text: Council Regulation (EEC) No 95/93 (Slots Regulation)
Keywords: air transport, Operations, Slot

Slot shall mean the permission given by a coordinator in accordance with this Regulation to use the full range of airport infrastructure necessary to operate an air service at a coordinated airport on a specific date and time for the purpose of landing or take-off as allocated by a coordinator in accordance with this Regulation.

Slot: Source: https://www.faa.gov (IATA Worldwide Airport Slot Guidelines)
Keywords: Air transport, Operations

A time window allocated for take-off or landing at an airport, regulated to prevent congestion. Slots are assigned by air traffic management. (An airport slot (or ‘slot’) is a permission given by a coordinator for a planned operation to use the full range of airport infrastructure necessary to arrive or depart at a Level 3 airport on a specific date and time.

Slot: Source: https://en.wikipedia.org
Keywords: Rail transport, Operations

A pathway allocation for a train on a spe-cific section of track at a given time, ensur-ing coordinated movement across the railway network.

Smart Communications for Efficient Rail Activities: Abbreviation: SFERA
Source: UIC (https://uic.org)
Keywords: Rail transport, Architecture, systems

An integrated communication system that enables real-time, automated, and optimized information exchange among railway operations, enhancing safety, efficiency, and coordination.

Smart Contract: Abbreviation: SC Source: Regulation (EU) 2023/285 (Data Act)

Smart contract means a computer program used for the automated execution of an agreement or part thereof, using a sequence of electronic data records and ensuring their integrity and the accuracy of their chronological ordering.

Specification: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2010/40/EU (ITS Directive)

Specification means a binding measure laying down provisions containing requirements, procedures or any other relevant rules.

Staff: Source: https://eur-lex.europa.eu
Keywords: Rail transport

Employees working for a railway undertaking or an infrastructure manager, or their contractors, undertaking tasks as specified in this Regulation.

Standard: Source: Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 (European standardisation); also referred to in the NIS2 Directive, ITS Directive
Keywords: Standardization, Standard

Standard means a technical specification, adopted by a recognised standardisation body, for repeated or continuous application, with which compliance is not compulsory, and which is one of the following:
a) ‘international standard’ means a standard adopted by an international standardisation body;
b) ‘European standard’ means a standard adopted by a European standardisation organisation;
c) ‘harmonised standard’ means a European standard adopted on the basis of a request made by the Commission for the application of Union harmonisation legislation;
d) ‘national standard’ means a standard adopted by a national standardisation body.

Standard Interface for Real-time Information: Abbreviation: SIRI
Source: https://www.transmodel-cen.eu/siri-standard/
Keywords: Standardization, Standard

The SIRI Situation Exchange service covers the exchange of information describing an incident, typically an unplanned event such as a disruption, but also planned events that affect public transport or its use, such as engineering works, or major public events that will affect the use or availability of transport.

Static travel and traffic data: Source: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)

Static travel and traffic data means data relating to different transport modes that do not change often, or data on planned changes, as listed in the Annex [of the MMTIS Delegated Regulation].

Station: Source: Regulation (EU) 2021/782 (Rail Passenger Rights)

Station means a location on a railway where a rail passenger service can start, stop or end.

Station manager: Source: Regulation (EU) 2021/782 (Rail Passenger Rights)

Station manager means an organisational entity in a Member State, which has been made responsible for the management of one or more railway stations and which may be the infrastructure manager.

Station Operator: Source: FP1 motional

Entity responsible for administration and operation of railway station building and related infrastructure (focus especially on station building not platforms).

Strategic: Keywords: Air transport, Planning, Strategic

Airlines, airports, and air Navigation Sservice Pproviders (ANSPs) plan capacity and infrastructure on a 3-to-5-year cycle, aligned with airport master plans, route development strategies, and international slot coordination. Some strategic initiatives, like major airport expansions, may extend beyond 10 years.

Strategic: Keywords: Rail transport, Planning, Strategic

Infrastructure managers and railway operators plan 5 to 10 years ahead , considering rolling stock procurement, network expansions, and regulatory changes.

Suburban railway: Source: Rail Transport
Keywords: vechicles, Type of service

A suburban railway train serves urban and peri-urban areas with frequent stops, catering primarily to commuters and operating with high frequency during peak hours.

Synchronization of timetables: Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: Multimodality, Planning

Synchronization of timetables refers to the strategic and/or tactical alignment of vehicle arrivals and departures between different Transport Service Providers (TSPs) at specific points (e.g., airports, stations, bus stops) to optimise passenger transfer times and provide seamless connections. This process involves organising schedules in a manner that offers a large number of destinations with minimised transfer times, enhancing the overall travel experience for passengers. To offer such a synchronisation functionality, an external module is integrated into the SIGN-AIR platform to support functionalities of the platform.

System: Source: AMPLE3
Keywords: Architecture

A system represents an encapsulation of resource functionality aligned to implementation structure, which is modular and replaceable.

Technical specification: Source: Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 (European standardisation); also referred to in the NIS2 Directive, AI Act

Technical specification means a document that prescribes technical requirements to be fulfilled by a product, process, service or system and which lays down one or more of the following:
a) the characteristics required of a product including levels of quality, performance, interoperability, environmental protection, health, safety or dimensions, and including the requirements applicable to the product as regards the name under which the product is sold, terminology, symbols, testing and test methods, packaging, marking or labelling and conformity assessment procedures;
(b) production methods and processes used in respect of agricultural products as defined in Article 38(1) TFEU, products intended for human and animal consumption, and medicinal products, as well as production methods and processes relating to other products, where these have an effect on their characteristics;
(c) the characteristics required of a service including levels of quality, performance, interoperability, environmental protection, health or safety, and including the requirements applicable to the provider as regards the information to be made available to the recipient, as specified in Article 22(1) to (3) of Directive 2006/123/EC;
(d) the methods and the criteria for assessing the performance of construction products, as defined in point 1 of Article 2 of Regulation (EU) No 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for the marketing of construction products (37), in relation to their essential characteristics.

Technical Specification for Interoperability: Abbreviation: TSI
Source: EU Directive 2016/797
Keywords: Rail transport, Standardization, content

A specification adopted in accordance with this Directive by which each subsystem or part of a subsystem is covered in order to meet the essential requirements and ensure the interoperability of the Union rail system.

Telematics Applications for Freight services: Abbreviation: TAF
Source: Directive (EU) 2016/797, 11 May, the interoperability of the rail system within the European Union
Keywords: Rail transport, Operations, content

Applications for freight services, including information systems (real-time monitoring of freight and trains), marshalling and allocation systems, reservation, payment and invoicing systems, management of connections with other modes of transport and production of electronic accompanying documents.

Telematics Applications for Passenger services: Abbreviation: TAP
Source: Directive (EU) 2016/797, 11 May, the interoperability of the rail system within the European Union
Keywords: Rail transport, Operations, content

Applications for passenger services, including systems which provide passengers with information before and during the journey, reservation and payment systems, luggage management and management of connections between trains and with other modes of transport.

Temporary Capacity Restriction: Abbreviation: TCR
Source: RNE Glossary
Keywords: Rail transport, Operations, Disruption

All planned event which lead to a reduction of infrastructure capacity during a specific time, necessary to keep the infrastructure and its equipment in good condition and to allow infrastructure development in accordance with market needs.

Terminal: Source: COM/2023/752 final (Proposal for a Regulation on passenger rights in the context of multimodal journeys)
Keywords: Air transport, Terminal

Terminal means an airport, railway station, port terminal or bus or coach terminal.

Terminal – Bus or coach terminal: Source: Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 (Bus & Coach Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Ground transport, Terminal

Terminal means a staffed terminal where according to the specified route a regular service is scheduled to stop for passengers to board or alight, equipped with facilities such as a check-in counter, waiting room or ticket office.

Terminal – Port terminal: Source: Regulation (EU) No 1177/2010 (Waterborne Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Maritime Transport, Terminal

Port terminal means a terminal, staffed by a carrier or a terminal operator, in a port with facilities, such as check-in, ticket counters or lounges, and staff for the embarkation or disembarkation of passengers travelling on passenger services or on a cruise.

Terminal manager: Source: COM/2023/752 final (Proposal for a Regulation on passenger rights in the context of multimodal journeys)
Keywords: General Transport, Stakeholders, Terminal

Terminal manager means a managing body of the airport, a railway station manager, a port terminal operator or a bus terminal managing body.

Terminal managing body – Bus terminal managing body: Source: Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 (Bus & Coach Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Ground transport, Stakeholders, Terminal

Terminal managing body means an organisational entity in a Member State responsible for the management of a designated terminal.

Terminal operator: Keywords: Rail transport, Stakeholders, Terminal

Freight terminal = A structure equipped for transhipment between at least two transport modes or between two different rail systems,
and for temporary storage of freight, such as ports, inland ports, airports and rail-road terminals.
Terminal Operator = An organisational entity, which is has been made responsible for the management of a marshalling yard, multimodal or intermodal terminal, port terminal.

Terminal operator – Port terminal operator: Source: Regulation (EU) No 1177/2010 (Waterborne Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Maritime Transport, Stakeholders, Terminal

Terminal operator means a private or public body in the territory of a Member State responsible for the administration and management of a port terminal.

Terms and conditions: Source: Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 (P2B Regulation)
Keywords: Law & Regulation, Terms

Terms and conditions means all terms and conditions or specifications, irrespective of their name or form, which govern the contractual relationship between the provider of online intermediation services and its business users and are unilaterally determined by the provider of online intermediation services, that unilateral determination being evaluated on the basis of an overall assessment, for which the relative size of the parties concerned, the fact that a negotiation took place, or that certain provisions thereof might have been subject to such a negotiation and determined together by the relevant provider and business user is not, in itself, decisive.

Third party: Source: Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR)
Keywords: Law & Regulation, Third

Third party means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or body other than the data subject, controller, processor and persons who, under the direct authority of the controller or processor, are authorised to process personal data.

Through ticket: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2012/34/EU (Single European Railway Area); also referred to in the Rail Passenger Rights Regulation
Keywords: Ticketing, Through

Through ticket means a ticket or tickets representing a transport contract for successive railway services operated by one or more railway undertakings.

Ticket: Source: Regulation (EC) No 80/2009 (CRS CoC)
Keywords: Ticketing, Ticket

Ticket means a valid document giving entitlement to transport, or an equivalent in paperless form, issued or authorised by the air carrier, rail-transport operator or an authorised agent.

Ticket (air): Source: Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 (Air Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Ticketing, Ticket

Ticket means a valid document giving entitlement to transport, or something equivalent in paperless form, including electronic form, issued or authorised by the air carrier or its authorised agent.

Ticket (bus & coach): Source: Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 (Bus & Coach Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Ticketing, Ticket

Ticket means a valid document or other evidence of a transport contract.

Ticket (multimodal): Source: COM/2023/752 final (Proposal for a Regulation on passenger rights in the context of multimodal journeys)
Keywords: Ticketing, Ticket

Ticket means valid evidence, regardless of its form, of the conclusion of a transport contract.

Ticket (rail): Source: Regulation (EU) 2021/782 (Rail Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Ticketing, Ticket

Ticket means valid evidence, regardless of its form, of the conclusion of a transport contract.

Ticket (waterborne): Source: Regulation (EU) No 1177/2010 (Waterborne Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Ticketing, Ticket

Ticket means a valid document or other evidence of a transport contract.

Ticket booking: Source: Kimes, S. E. (1994). Yield management: A tool for capacity-constrained service firms. Journal of Operations Management, 12(4), 348-363
Keywords: Ticketing

Ticket booking is the process of reserving a seat or space for a specific journey or service, typically facilitated through a ticketing system. During the booking process, the passenger selects their preferred travel options, which then generates a provisional ticket contract, outlining the terms of the journey and securing the passenger’s entitlement to travel once the booking is confirmed.
Key Elements:
● Selection: Passengers choose specific travel options based on their preferences, such as departure time, route, and seating.
● Reservation: The system reserves a seat or space for the passenger, ensuring availability for the chosen journey.

Provisional Ticket Contract: This initial reservation acts as a provisional agreement between the passenger and the transport service provider.

Ticket contract: Source: Hodgkinson, D. (1999). International Air Carrier Liability: The Montreal Convention of 1999. Ashgate.
Keywords: Ticketing

A ticket contract specifically refers to the agreement associated with a particular travel ticket. It details the terms and conditions related to a specific journey, including the travel itinerary, fare, and the passenger’s entitlement to use the transport service.

Ticket entitlement: Source: Scholten, S., & Scholten-Verheijen, I. (2016). Passenger Rights: The Passenger Rights Handbook. Kluwer Law International.
Keywords: Ticketing, passenger rights

A ticket entitlement refers to the rights and privileges granted to a passenger upon purchasing a ticket for a transportation service. This entitlement is a legally binding agreement between the passenger and the transport service provider, specifying the terms and conditions under which the transport service will be provided. The forms of ticket entitlements can vary, including physical tickets, electronic tickets (e-tickets), and mobile tickets. Each form will contain essential details such as the travel itinerary, payment terms, passenger rights and obligations, conditions of carriage, and policies regarding cancellations, changes, and refunds. Ticket entitlements ensure that both parties have a clear understanding of their respective rights and responsibilities, providing a framework for resolving any disputes that may arise during the travel process.

Ticket Issuing: Source: Chen, R., & Liao, J. (2009). Study on the Application of Electronic Ticket in Modern Airlines. Journal of Service Science and Management, 2(2), 110-116.
Keywords: Ticketing

Ticket issuing is the process of generating and providing the passenger with the actual travel document, which serves as proof of the ticket contract and the passenger’s entitlement. This document can be in various forms, such as a digital ticket, QR code, or physical ticket.

Ticket Purchasing: Source: Toosi, H. A., & Aryan, S. (2011). E-ticketing in airline industries. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(7), 262.
Keywords: Ticketing

Ticket purchasing is the process where a passenger completes the payment for their reserved journey, thus formalising the ticket contract. This step confirms the passenger’s ticket entitlement, transforming the provisional booking into a confirmed travel arrangement.

Ticket Validation: Source: Finžgar, L., & Trebar, M. (2011). Use of NFC and QR code identification in an electronic ticket system for public transport. 19th International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM), 1-6.
Keywords: Ticketing

Ticket validation is the process of verifying the authenticity and validity of the issued ticket at the point of entry or boarding. This step ensures that the ticket contract is honoured, and the passenger’s entitlement is legitimate.

Ticket vendor (bus & coach): Source: Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 (Bus & Coach Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Ticketing

Ticket vendor means any intermediary concluding transport contracts on behalf of a carrier.

Ticket vendor (multimodal): Source: COM/2023/752 final (Proposal for a Regulation on passenger rights in the context of multimodal journeys)
Keywords: Ticketing

Ticket vendor means any natural or legal person, other than a carrier, acting on behalf of a carrier or a passenger for the conclusion of transport contracts.

Ticket vendor (rail): Source: Regulation (EU) 2021/782 (Rail Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Ticketing

Ticket vendor means any retailer of rail transport services selling tickets, including through-tickets, on the basis of a contract or other arrangement between the retailer and one or more railway undertakings.

Ticket vendor (waterborne): Source: Regulation (EU) No 1177/2010 (Waterborne Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Ticketing

Ticket vendor means any retailer concluding transport contracts on behalf of a carrier.

Timeliness of data: Source: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)
Keywords: Data

Timeliness of data means the availability of up to date data provided to data users and end users sufficiently in advance to be useful.

Timetable: Source: https://eur-lex.europa.eu
Keywords: Planning

Document or system that gives details of a train(s) schedule over a particular route.

Timetable planner, – IM and RU: Keywords: Rail transport, Planning

Means somebody or firm responsible in particular for establishing, managing and maintaining railway infrastructure, including traffic management and control-command and signalling; the functions of the infrastructure manager on a network or part of a network may be allocated to different bodies or firms.

Timetable Redesign: Abbreviation: TRR
Source: Timetable redesign project (TTR) project (rfi.it)
Keywords: Rail transport, Planning

“Timetable Redesign” (TTR) for optimal capacity management (TTR for Smart Capacity Management) is a project to review the current passenger and freight timetabling process defined in synergy between RailNet Europe (Infrastructure Managers) and Forum Train Europe (Railway Undertakings), in collaboration with the European Rail Freight Association (ERFA) and also shared with European institutional bodies (European Commission, Ministries, Regulatory Bodies), aimed at improving the degree of standardisation and efficiency of the railway system.

Timing Point (ATO/C-DAS): Abbreviation: TP Source: ERA: Glossary of railway terminology
Keywords: Rail transport

A specific location or reference along a railway route used in Automatic Train Operation (ATO) and Driver Advisory Systems (C-DAS) to monitor and control train timing and performance.

Tour operator: Source: Regulation (EC) No 261/2004; Regulation (EU) 2021/782; Regulation (EU) No 181/2011; Regulation (EU) No 1177/2010; Regulation (EC) No 1107/2006 (Passenger Rights Regulations)

Tour operator means an organiser [Air Passenger Rights]/ an organiser or retailer [Rail, Bus & Coach, Waterborne, PRM-APR Passenger Rights], [with the exception of an/ other than the] carrier [as defined in the Package Travel Directive].

Trade secret: Source: Directive (EU) 2016/943 (Trade Secrets); also referred to in the Data Act

Trade secret means information which meets all of the following requirements:
a) it is secret in the sense that it is not, as a body or in the precise configuration and assembly of its components, generally known among or readily accessible to persons within the circles that normally deal with the kind of information in question;
b) it has commercial value because it is secret;
c) it has been subject to reasonable steps under the circumstances, by the person lawfully in control of the information, to keep it secret.

Trader: Source: Directive 2011/83/EU (Consumer Rights Directive)

Trader means any natural person or any legal person, irrespective of whether privately or publicly owned, who is acting, including through any other person acting in his name or on his behalf, for purposes relating to his trade, business, craft or profession in relation to contracts covered by this Directive [i.e., the Consumer Rights Directive].

Trader (Package Travel): Source: Directive (EU) 2015/2302 (Package Travel Directive)

Trader means any natural person or any legal person, irrespective of whether privately or publicly owned, who is acting, including through any other person acting in his name or on his behalf, for purposes relating to his trade, business, craft or profession in relation to contracts covered by this Directive, whether acting in the capacity of organiser, retailer, trader facilitating a linked travel arrangement or as a travel service provider.

Traffic data: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2010/40/EU (ITS Directive)
Keywords: Data, Architecture

Traffic data means historic and real-time data on road traffic characteristics.

Traffic Management System: Abbreviation: TMS
Source: https://www.thalesgroup.com
Keywords: Rail transport, Management

Ensemble of applications providing permanent control across the network, automatically sets routes for trains and logs train movements as well as detects and maybe solves potential conflicts.

Traffic right: Source: Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008 (Air Services Regulation)
Keywords: Air transport

Traffic right means the right to operate an air service between two Community airports.

Train: Source: https://eur-lex.europa.eu
Keywords: Rail transport, Vehicles

A train is defined as (a) traction unit(s) with or without coupled railway vehicles with train data available operating between two or more defined points.

Train Control and Monitoring System: Abbreviation: TCMS
Source: https://www.railwaysignalling.eu
Keywords: Rail transport, Architecture

Train Control and Supervision (System): Abbreviation: TCS
Source: System Pillar: CMS_TMS System Concept R2 V1_3
Keywords: Rail transport, Architecture

Train path: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2012/34/EU (Single European Railway Area)
Keywords: Rail transport

Train path means the infrastructure capacity needed to run a train between two places over a given period.

Tram: Source: UITP; UIC Urban Rail Report; National Transport Authorities (e.g., RATP, ATAC)
Keywords: Rail transport, Vehicles

A tram is a rail vehicle that runs on tracks along public urban streets and sometimes on segregated tracks. It usually serves short distances with frequent stops in city centers.

Transit: Source: Merriam-Webster, APTA
Keywords: General Transport

The act of passing through or across a place.

Transit: Source: ICAO, IATA Glossary, EUROCONTROL

The short stopover of an aircraft at an airport where it may remain on the ground for refueling, boarding, or maintenance, while continuing on the same flight number to its next destination. Passengers who remain onboard or continue on the same flight are called transit passengers.

Transit: Source: Merriam-Webster, APTA
Keywords: General Transport

A synonym for public transport in the North American context.

Transit: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2012/34/EU (Single European Railway Area)
Keywords: Rail transport

Transit means crossing territory of the Union without loading or unloading goods, and/or without picking up passengers or setting them down in territory of the Union.

Transport: Source: The physical act or system of conveying people or goods from one location to another, typically through vehicles or infrastructure such as roads, rails, or airways.
Keywords: General Transport

The physical act or system of conveying people or goods from one location to another, typically through vehicles or infrastructure such as roads, rails, or airways.

Transport authority: Source: Definition MMTIS (and revision)
Keywords: Ground Transport

Any public authority responsible for the traffic management or the planning, control or management of a given transport network or modes of transport, or both, falling within its territorial competence. Related terms: Authority, Public transport authority.

Transport contract (bus & coach): Source: Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 (Bus & Coach Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Ground Transport

Transport contract means a contract of carriage between a carrier and a passenger for the provision of one or more regular or occasional services.

Transport contract (multimodal): Source: COM/2023/752 final (Proposal for a Regulation on passenger rights in the context of multimodal journeys)
Keywords: General Transport

Transport contract means a contract of carriage between a carrier and a passenger for the provision of one or more transport services.

Transport contract (rail): Source: Regulation (EU) 2021/782 (Rail Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Rail transport

Transport contract means a contract of rail carriage for reward or free of charge between a railway undertaking and a passenger for the provision of one or more transport services.

Transport contract (waterborne): Source: Regulation (EU) No 1177/2010 (Waterborne Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Maritime Transport

Transport contract means a contract of carriage between a carrier and a passenger for the provision of one or more passenger services or cruises.

Transport on demand service: Source: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)
Keywords: General Transport

Transport on demand service means a service which requires interaction between the transport on demand service provider and the end user before delivery.

Transport operator: Source: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)
Keywords: General Transport, Stakeholders

Transport operator means any public or private entity that is responsible for the maintenance and management of the transport service.

Transport service: Source: COM/2023/752 final (Proposal for a Regulation on passenger rights in the context of multimodal journeys)
Keywords: General Transport

Transport service means a passenger transport service that operates between terminals according to a timetable, including transport services offered for re-routing.

Transport Service Provider: Abbreviation: TSP
Source: TAF TSI
Keywords: General Transport, Stakeholders

Means any private or public company authorised to transport people in domestic or international passenger traffic. A ‘transport service provider’ accepts travel documents issued by the accredited sales points of its distributors. It plays the role of the contractual carrier with which the passenger has entered into a contract of carriage. Execution of the transport service may be entrusted, in part or in full, to a substitute carrier.

Travel agent (bus & coach): Source: Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 (Bus & Coach Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Ground transport

Travel agent means any intermediary acting on behalf of a passenger for the conclusion of transport contracts.

Travel agent (waterborne): Source: Regulation (EU) No 1177/2010 (Waterborne Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Maritime Transport

Travel agent means any retailer acting on behalf of a passenger or a tour operator for the conclusion of transport contracts.

Travel Companion: Abbreviation: TC
Source: https://projects.shift2rail.org
Keywords: General Transport, Architecture

A comprehensive digital tool designed to enhance the multimodal travel experience across Europe. It provides travelers with a unified platform to plan, book, and manage their journeys seamlessly across various transportation modes.

Travel Companion: Abbreviation: TC
Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: General Transport, Architecture

A Travel Companion is a platform, web and/or mobile app that allows a user to plan, book a trip, navigate from point A to point B. Additionally these apps might provide auxiliary services to travellers such as cost calculations or re-accommodation management.

Travel data: Source: Consolidated text: Directive 2010/40/EU (ITS Directive)
Keywords: Data

Travel data means basic data such as public transport timetables and tariffs, necessary to provide multi-modal travel information before and during the trip to facilitate travel planning, booking and adaptation.

Travel information service: Source: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)

Travel information service means an ITS service, including digital maps, that provides data users, and end users, with travel and traffic information of at least one transport mode.

Travel information service provider: Source: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/490 (MMTIS)

Travel information service provider means any public or private provider of at least one travel and traffic information, to data users and end users, excluding a mere converter of information.

Travel Itinerary: Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: Architecture, Planning, Data

Detailed information about the journey, including departure and arrival times, dates, and locations, as well as any connecting segments if applicable.

Travel pass (see also: Season ticket): Source: Regulation (EU) 2021/782 (Rail Passenger Rights)
Keywords: Ticketing

Travel pass or season ticket means a ticket for an unlimited number of journeys which provides the authorised holder with rail travel on a particular route or network during a specified period.

Travel service: Source: Directive (EU) 2015/2302 (Package Travel Directive)

Travel service means: (a) carriage of passengers; (b) accommodation which is not intrinsically part of carriage of passengers and is not for residential purposes; (c) rental of cars, other motor vehicles within meaning of Article 3(11) of Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, or motorcycles requiring a Category A driving licence in accordance with point (c) of Article 4(3) of Directive 2006/126/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council; (d) any other tourist service not intrinsically part of a travel service within the meaning of points (a), (b) or (c).

Travel transaction: Source: Typical references. https://www.gvb.nl
Keywords: Ground transport, Ticketing

Type of fare transaction associated with pay-as-you-go.

Traveller (Mobility service user): Source: Directive (EU) 2015/2302 (Package Travel Directive)

Traveller means any person who is seeking to conclude a contract, or is entitled to travel on the basis of a contract concluded, within the scope of this Directive [i.e., the Package Travel Directive].

Traveller (Mobility service user): Source: ISO/TR 7878

The traveller or mobility service user is very often the entity that requests the mobility service, selects the mobility service fulfilling the user needs and preferences, uses the service and pays for it.

Ultra-long-haul flights: Source: IATA glossary
Keywords: Air transport, Operations

Ultra-long-haul flights are flights lasting more than 16 hours.

Ultra-short-haul flights: Keywords: Air transport

Unavoidable and extraordinary circumstances: Source: Directive (EU) 2015/2302 (Package Travel Directive)

Unavoidable and extraordinary circumstances means a situation beyond the control of the party who invokes such a situation and the consequences of which could not have been avoided even if all reasonable measures had been taken.

Urban Transport Service Provider: Source: Transport Service Provider limited to the urban areas https://projects.shift2rail.org
Keywords: Ground transport, Stakeholders

Company that provides public transportation services, such as buses, trains, trams, and subways.

User Agreement: Source: SIGN-AIR project
Keywords: Law & Regulation

A user agreement legal document identifies the authorised users of the TSP, including the signing representative, administrative (both legal and technical personnel as well as the viewers. It incorporates a privacy policy to protect their personal data and requires users to acknowledge the application of the platform’s Terms and Conditions (T&Cs). This ensures that all parties are aware of their roles, responsibilities, and the privacy measures in place, while also confirming their acceptance of the governing rules and guidelines set forth by the platform.

Vertiport: Source: EASA Keywords: Air transport, Infrastructure

An area of land, water, or structure used or intended to be used for the landing and take-off of VTOL aircraft. This means that vertiports are dedicated areas that supply the infrastructure needed for safe commercial air transport of passengers or goods that travel by VTOL. To realise fully the potential of Urban Air Mobility, vertiports need to be easily accessible, with good connecting services to streets, railway stations, buses, etc. They can be either at street level or on top of buildings.

Vulnerable passengers: Vulnerable passengers are individuals who may require additional support, protection, or accommodation while traveling due to physical, sensory, cognitive, or situational limitations that affect their ability to access, navigate, or use transport services independently and safely. This group commonly includes: Persons with reduced mobility (PRMs) – such as those using wheelchairs, walkers, or with mobility impairments Elderly individuals – especially those with declining physical or cognitive functions Children – particularly when traveling alone (unaccompanied minors) Pregnant individuals Passengers with temporary impairments – e.g. due to injury or surgery People with sensory or cognitive disabilities – such as visual or hearing impairments, or autism spectrum disorders Travelers in distress – including those experiencing a crisis, anxiety, or language barriers (e.g. refugees or non-native speakers in emergencies)

Weather station: Source: FP1 motional
Keywords: Systems

Facility equipped with instruments for measuring atmospheric conditions such as temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and precipitation.

Working timetable: Source: EU Directive 2012/34
Keywords: Rail transport, Operations

The data defining all planned train and rolling-stock movements which will take place on the relevant infrastructure during the period for which it is in force

Yard: Source: https://eur-lex.europa.eu

Marshalling yard – Site especially equipped with a number of tracks or other equipment for railway vehicle marshalling (switching)
operations.

Yield: Source: https://airtransportmanagement.org
Keywords: Air transport

It refers to the average revenue generated per passenger per kilometer (revenue per Revenue Passenger Kilometer – RPK). It is calculated by dividing the total passenger revenue by the total RPK. This metric is used to assess the profitability of flights and routes.

Yield: Source: https://jonworth.eu

“Yield management” involves adjusting ticket prices based on demand, timing, and other factors to maximize revenue. This strategy aims to optimize the balance between supply and demand, ensuring that trains operate at optimal capacity while maximizing profitability.

Glossary

Suggest a New Term